Three-dimensional anatomy of the ostrich (<i>Struthio camelus</i>) knee joint

Chadwick, Kyle P.; Regnault, Sophie; Allen, Vivian; Hutchinson, John R.

doi:10.7717/peerj.706

Cited by 34 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Suas largas extremidades distais estavam formadas por dois côndilos (laterais e mediais), separados por um largo sulco intercondilar e direcionados distocaudalmente; em suas faces craniais foram notadas duas pequenas e delgadas cristas supracondilares (laterais e mediais), onde estavam articuladas pequenas patelas ovoides e pouco visíveis nas imagens obtidas (Chadwick et al 2014). Os côndilos laterais ainda apresentavam em sua extremidade distal uma pequena superfície articular côncava para articulação com a cabeça da fíbula, carac- Fig.6.…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

“…Nas espécies de papagaios estudadas, as extremidades proximais dos ossos tarsometatarsos estavam constituídas por duas cavidades articulares (laterais e mediais), separadas por uma discreta eminência intercavitária, para articulação dos côndilos dos ossos tibiotarsos (Middleton 2001, Chadwick et al 2014. Da mesma forma como descrito para outras espécies de aves (Falk et al 2011, Rezk 2015, suas extremidades distais também apresentaram três trócleas, separadas por duas incisuras intertrocleares (laterais e mediais), onde estavam articulados os dedos II, III e IV (Fig.9).…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

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Descrição anatômica de esqueletos de papagaios do gênero Amazona através da utilização de radiografias

Cavinatto

Armando²,

Cruz

et al. 2016

Pesq. Vet. Bras.

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RESUMO.-O esqueleto de papagaios da espécie Amazona aestiva foi descrito e comparado com representantes de outras espécies do gênero Amazona. Para tanto, foram utilizados 22 exemplares da espécie Amazona aestiva; dois das espécies Amazona vinacea; Amazona rhodocorythae, Amazona farinosa, além de um exemplar das espécies Amazona brasiliensis e Amazona pretrei, doados após morte natural pelo Criadouro Poços de Caldas. Foram realizadas radiografias de corpo inteiro, variando de decúbito lateral direito ou esquerdo, no caso das projeções latero-laterais, e em decúbito dorsal, no caso da projeção ventro-dorsal. Independentemente da espécie, os crânios dos papagaios estudados puderam ser classificados como pró-cinéticos, por apresentarem liberdade de movimentos em sua porção rostral. Na maioria dos casos, a coluna vertebral esteve formada por 12 vértebras cervicais, seis vértebras torácicas livres, sinsacro (formado pela fusão da última vértebra torácica, 7 lombosacrais e uma caudal), cinco vértebras caudais livres e pelo pigóstilo (formado por três vértebras caudais fusionadas) e, apesar de diferenças pontuais, o esqueleto apendicular torácico e pélvico se mostrou muito semelhante ao observado para outros gêneros de aves e, inclusive, não foi possí-vel observar dimorfismo sexual através das características anatômicas dos esqueletos dos papagaios trabalhados. This study describes the skeleton of Amazona aestiva parrots and compared it with representatives of other Amazona species. To this end, we used 22 specimens of Amazona aestiva, two specimens each of Amazona vinacea; Amazona rhodocorythae, Amazona farinosa and one specimen each of Amazona brasiliensis and Amazona pretrei donated after natural death by Poços de Caldas Breeding Park. Full body radiographs were taken, in either the right or left lateral decubitus position, in the case of laterolateral projections, and in supine position, in the case of ventrodorsal projection. Regardless of the species, skulls of the parrots were classified as prokinetic, because of free movements in their rostral portion. In most cases, the spine consisted of: 12 cervical vertebrae, six free thoracic vertebrae, synsacrum (formed by the fusion of the last thoracic vertebrae, 7 lumbosacral vertebrae and one caudal vertebrae), five free caudal vertebrae and the pygostyle (formed by three fused caudal vertebrae). Despite punctual differences, thoracic and pelvic appendicular skeleton proved to be very similar to that observed for other genera of birds. In addition, there was no sexual dimorphism considering the anatomical characteristics of the skeletons of parrots analyzed.

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Section: Resultsunclassified

Descrição anatômica de esqueletos de papagaios do gênero Amazona através da utilização de radiografias

Cavinatto

Armando²,

Cruz

et al. 2016

Pesq. Vet. Bras.

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“…Our recent study (Regnault, Pitsillides & Hutchinson, 2014) inferred that a patella was probably ancestrally present in the common ancestor of Hesperornithes and living birds over 70 Mya. However, the bony patella was lost (and in some cases replaced by fatty cartilaginous tissue) in some large flightless birds such as emus, cassowaries and the extinct moa, yet unexpectedly is present as a double ossification in the knee joints of ostriches (Chadwick et al, 2014). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of the patellar sesamoid bone in mammals

Samuels

Regnault

Hutchinson

2017

PeerJ

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The patella is a sesamoid bone located in the major extensor tendon of the knee joint, in the hindlimb of many tetrapods. Although numerous aspects of knee morphology are ancient and conserved among most tetrapods, the evolutionary occurrence of an ossified patella is highly variable. Among extant (crown clade) groups it is found in most birds, most lizards, the monotreme mammals and almost all placental mammals, but it is absent in most marsupial mammals as well as many reptiles. Here, we integrate data from the literature and first-hand studies of fossil and recent skeletal remains to reconstruct the evolution of the mammalian patella. We infer that bony patellae most likely evolved between four and six times in crown group Mammalia: in monotremes, in the extinct multituberculates, in one or more stem-mammal genera outside of therian or eutherian mammals and up to three times in therian mammals. Furthermore, an ossified patella was lost several times in mammals, not including those with absent hindlimbs: once or more in marsupials (with some re-acquisition) and at least once in bats. Our inferences about patellar evolution in mammals are reciprocally informed by the existence of several human genetic conditions in which the patella is either absent or severely reduced. Clearly, development of the patella is under close genomic control, although its responsiveness to its mechanical environment is also important (and perhaps variable among taxa). Where a bony patella is present it plays an important role in hindlimb function, especially in resisting gravity by providing an enhanced lever system for the knee joint. Yet the evolutionary origins, persistence and modifications of a patella in diverse groups with widely varying habits and habitats—from digging to running to aquatic, small or large body sizes, bipeds or quadrupeds—remain complex and perplexing, impeding a conclusive synthesis of form, function, development and genetics across mammalian evolution. This meta-analysis takes an initial step toward such a synthesis by collating available data and elucidating areas of promising future inquiry.

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“…One of the most studied sesamoids is the patella, which is among the largest sesamoids described in tetrapods and probably the one more regularly counted among the osseous elements of the human body (Vickaryous and Olson, ; Regnault et al, ; Chadwick et al ; Samuels et al, ). The patella is typically a big bone embedded in the tendon of the extensor femoris muscle, which has been studied from multiple perspectives: developmental (Walsmley, ; Bland and Ashhurst, ; Reese et al, ; Vickaryous and Olson, ; Eyal et al, ), functional (Oxnard, ; Clarck and Stechschulte, ; Sarin et al, ), clinical (Blazina et al, ), and anatomical (Chadwick et al, ; Regnault et al, ; Samuels et al, ; Chadwick et al, ) among many others. The presence of the patella has been reported in most tetrapod taxa: squamatans (Jerez et al, ; Regnault et al, ), birds (Hudson et al, ; Vanden Berge and Storer, ; Chadwick et al, ; Regnault et al, ; Hutchinson et al, ), and mammals (Wiedersheim, ; Vaughan, ; Reese et al, ; Scott and Springer, ; among many others).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Presence of the Patella in Frogs

Abdala

Vera

Ponssa

2017

The Anatomical Record

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The patella is one of the most studied sesamoids. Historically, the patella is described as a big sesamoid embedded in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle. This sesamoid is studied from developmental, functional, clinical, and anatomical perspectives. The presence of a patella is reported in squamatans, birds, and mammals. Lissamphibians are identified as the major lineage that fail to develop a patella. However, this sesamoid is reported at least once in anurans, but without detailed anatomical discussions. Through anatomical and histological studies we examined the topography and tissue composition of two structures that we identify as the proximal and distal patellae in several anuran species. We explored the evolution of these sesamoids through ancestral state reconstruction, finding that they are ancestral for amphibians and possibly tetrapods as a whole. The presence of these patellae in anurans would roll back their origin to the last common ancestor of tetrapods. From a functional perspective, the overwhelming evidence of fibrocartilage as a clear response to compression suggests that the fibrocartilaginous patellae could also withstand the mechanical stress generated on the knee undergoing compression during limb extension. Anat Rec, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 300:1747-1755, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Three-dimensional anatomy of the ostrich (Struthio camelus) knee joint

Cited by 34 publications

References 27 publications

Descrição anatômica de esqueletos de papagaios do gênero Amazona através da utilização de radiografias

Descrição anatômica de esqueletos de papagaios do gênero Amazona através da utilização de radiografias

Evolution of the patellar sesamoid bone in mammals

On the Presence of the Patella in Frogs

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