Three-Dimensional Arylene Diimide Frameworks for Highly Stable Lithium Ion Batteries

Abstract

Lithium ion batteries are the best commercial technology to satisfy the energy storage needs of current and emerging applications. However, the use of transition-metal-based cathodes precludes them from being low-cost, sustainable, and environmentally benign, even with recycling programs in place. In this study, we report a highly stable organic material that can be used in place of the transition-metal cathodes. By creating a three-dimensional framework based on triptycene and perylene diimide (PDI), a cathode can be constructed that mitigates stability issues that organic electrodes typically suffer from. When a lithium ion battery is assembled using the PDI-triptycene framework (PDI-Tc) cathode, a capacity of 75.9 mAh g (78.7% of the theoretical value) is obtained. Importantly, the battery retains a near perfect Coulombic efficiency and >80% of its capacity after cycling 500 times, which is the best value reported to date for PDI-based materials.

Glycination: A Simple Strategy to Enhance the Cycling Performance of Perylene Dianhydride for Secondary Li–Ion Battery Applications

“…[33] Recently, perylene based anhydrides, diimides and polyimides have been shown to be effective cathode materials for lithium-metal batteries. [37][38][39][40] The hyper conjugation present in the perylene core strengthens the π-π interactions, which relatively increases the electronic conductivity, and decreases the dissolution of the active material in the electrolyte. [41] Therefore, cycling performance of the electrode is improved.…”

Molecular Design Strategies for Electrochemical Behavior of Aromatic Carbonyl Compounds in Organic and Aqueous Electrolytes

“…a) Schematic of the preparation process of GF-PI. Reproduced with permission[120] Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society. c) Synthetic route to PI.…”

Hierarchical Nanostructured Benzoic Naphthalene Tetracarboxylic Di‐imide Organic Cathode for Lithium Ion Battery

“…Therefore, it intensivelyrecommend that the prepared organic electroactive material is highly reversible for the process of lithium ion insertion and extraction. To recognize the lithium ion coordination to the oxygen atom of carbonyl group during charging and discharging, we have performed ex‐situ IR analysis of pristine benzoic NTCDI (Figure S3).The band at 1673–1730 cm −1 corresponds to the C=O stretching vibrations, while bending vibrations appeared at 761 cm −1 corresponds to the C=O . Upon lithium ion intercalation, the carbonyl group of benzoic NTCDI forms enolates with lithium ion that dictates the shift in C=O band to lower wavenumber 1637 cm −1 and C−O bond stretch observed at 1060 cm −1 .The detailed electrochemical mechanism during charging and discharging process of conjugated hierarchical structure confirms the way of lithium ion coordination to the carbonyl group of naphthalene core (Figure ).…”

“…The band at 1673-1730 cm À 1 corresponds to the C=O stretching vibrations, while bending vibrations appeared at 761 cm À 1 corresponds to the C=O. [41,42] Upon lithium ion intercalation, the carbonyl group of benzoic NTCDI forms enolates with lithium ion [43] that dictates the shift in C=O band to lower wavenumber 1637 cm À 1 and CÀ O bond stretch observed at 1060 cm À 1 .The detailed electrochemical mechanism during charging and discharging process of conjugated hierarchical structure confirms the way of lithium ion coordination to the carbonyl group of naphthalene core ( Figure 5). The charge-discharge curve shows a single plateau indicates that lithium ion transfer took place in a single step in the potential window of 1.5-3.5 V. Subsequently, addition of second lithium ion into another carbonyl group of naphthalene forms the dianion [44] i. e. lithium enolate in the same potential window (Figure 6a).…”