Three‐dimensional chemical model simulations of the ozone layer: 2015–55

Austin, J.; Butchart, Neal; Knight, Jeffrey

doi:10.1002/qj.49712757313

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 27 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…That study, however, used a different model configuration than is used here with different gas loadings (including a ∼10% larger CO 2 trend) and included imposed trends in SST and sea‐ice extent. Inclusion of a chemistry scheme with interactive ozone (though no treatment of CH 4 oxidation, or other sources of H 2 O change) was found to have little effect on temperature trends in the middle stratosphere, but to reduce the cooling at 1 hPa by ∼18% [ Austin et al , 2001]. Likewise in the present study, the relative cooling of run 2060‐A is ameliorated by the response of the parameterized ozone.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 57%

“…The dynamic model used was the Met Office Unified Model (UM) [ Cullen , 1993], a hydrostatic, primitive‐equation, grid‐point model with hybrid vertical coordinates. Versions of this model, with and without chemistry, have been used in a number of other stratospheric climate studies examining the response to past and projected trends in the radiatively active gases [ Butchart et al , 2000; Austin et al , 2000, 2001; Austin , 2002]. The model configuration used for this study, focusing on the role of CH 4 /H 2 O change, had 64 levels extending from the surface to 0.01 hPa (∼80 km) with a vertical resolution in the middle atmosphere of ∼1.3 km.…”

Section: Model Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, the ozone rate of change and distribution are sensitive to interrun differences in temperature and dynamics. More detailed chemical simulations of future ozone behaviour reveal little trend in extra‐polar total ozone between 2010 and 2055 [ Austin et al , 2001].…”

Section: Chemical Parameterizationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Middle‐atmospheric response to a future increase in humidity arising from increased methane abundance

MacKenzie

Harwood

2004

J. Geophys. Res.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

[1] The response of the middle atmosphere to an increase in humidity arising from a possible future increase in CH 4 is examined in a general circulation model with interactive H 2 O and O 3 . A chemical parameterization allows the middle-atmospheric H 2 O change to evolve naturally from an imposed change in tropospheric CH 4 . First, a simulation of the year 2060 using postulated loadings of the radiatively active gases is compared with a control simulation of the present-day atmosphere. Then, the particular contribution of the CH 4 (and hence H 2 O) change to the observed difference is isolated by repeating the 2060 simulation without the projected CH 4 change. Under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) B2 scenario, the middle atmosphere in 2060 cools by up to $5 K relative to 1995, with the CH 4 -derived increase in H 2 O accounting for $10% of the change. The cooling is accompanied by a strengthened general circulation, intensified dynamic heating rates, and a reduction in the mean age of middle-atmospheric air. The component of the circulation change attributable solely to the H 2 O change differs somewhat from the net response: The H 2 O change causes a greater increase in the descent rate in the north than in the south, ages the stratospheric air, and has a distinct effect on age/N 2 O correlations. Around 20% of the increased prevalence of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) in 2060 is due to the microphysical effect of the extra H 2 O, with the remainder attributable to the reduced vortex temperatures. Although the PSC increase facilitates release of reactive chlorine, this positive impact on chemical O 3 destruction is outweighed by the negative impact of the reduced total chlorine in 2060. Nonetheless, the H 2 O increase does make the 2060 Arctic O 3 loss $15% greater than it would otherwise be.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 57%

Section: Model Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Middle‐atmospheric response to a future increase in humidity arising from increased methane abundance

MacKenzie

Harwood

2004

J. Geophys. Res.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…However, we also note that the lower levels of chlorofluorocarbons expected several decades in the future should lead to less destruction of stratospheric ozone for a given amount of stratospheric moistening and cooling (20). Thus, the real consequences of a hydrogen economy will depend, in part, on whether it develops within about 20 years, when chlorofluorocarbon levels remain high; or more than 50 years in the future, when chlorofluorocarbon levels have substantially decreased.…”

mentioning

confidence: 90%

Potential Environmental Impact of a Hydrogen Economy on the Stratosphere

Tromp

Shia

Allen

et al. 2003

Science

282

202

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The widespread use of hydrogen fuel cells could have hitherto unknown environmental impacts due to unintended emissions of molecular hydrogen, including an increase in the abundance of water vapor in the stratosphere (plausibly by as much as approximately 1 part per million by volume). This would cause stratospheric cooling, enhancement of the heterogeneous chemistry that destroys ozone, an increase in noctilucent clouds, and changes in tropospheric chemistry and atmosphere-biosphere interactions.

show abstract

“…Until recently, the development of global 3-D models with extensive chemistry has been inhibited by a lack of computer resources. This is particularly true for those types of 3-D models where the chemistry is included directly into the dynamical code (the so-called GCMs) (Austin et al, 2000(Austin et al, , 2001Steil et al, 1998;Hein et al, 2001). Chemical Transport Models (CTMs) are instead 3-D models where the transport is performed "off-line", meaning that those models use meteorological parameters from an external GCM, or assimilated winds and temperature provided by meteorological agencies for the period of interest, to force the chemical calculations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

STRATAQ: A three-dimensional Chemical Transport Model of the stratosphere

2002

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. A three-dimensional (3-D) Chemical TransportModel (CTM) of the stratosphere has been developed and used for a test study of the evolution of chemical species in the arctic lower stratosphere during winter 1996/97. This particular winter has been chosen for testing the model's capabilities for its remarkable dynamical situation (very cold and strong polar vortex) along with the availability of sparse chlorine, HNO 3 and O 3 data, showing also very low O 3 values in late March/April. Due to those unusual features, the winter 1996/97 can be considered an excellent example of the impact of both dynamics and heterogeneous reactions on the chemistry of the stratosphere. Model integration has been performed from January to March 1997 and the resulting long-lived and short-lived tracer fields compared with available measurements. The model includes a detailed gas phase chemical scheme and a parameterization of the heterogeneous reactions occurring on liquid aerosol and polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) surfaces. The transport is calculated using a semi-lagrangian flux scheme, forced by meteorological analyses. In such form, the STRATAQ CTM model is suitable for short-term integrations to study transport and chemical evolution related to "real" meteorological situations. Model simulation during the chosen winter shows intense PSC formation, with noticeable local HNO 3 capture by PSCs, and the activation of vortex air leading to chlorine production and subsequent O 3 destruction. The resulting model fields show generally good agreement with satellite data (MLS and TOMS), although the available observations, due to their limited number and time/space sparse nature, are not enough to effectively constraint the model. In particular, the model seems to perform well in reproducing the rapid processing of air inside the polar vortex on PSC converting reservoir species in active chlorine. In addition, it satisfactorily reproduces the morphology of the continuous O 3 decline as shown by the satellite during the investigated period, with a tendency, however, to underestimate the total column valCorrespondence to: B. Grassi (Barbara.grassi@aquila.infn.it) ues inside the polar vortex during late winter. As possible causes of this model/observation difference we suggest an incorrect estimation of the vertical transport and of the tropospheric contribution.

show abstract

Three‐dimensional chemical model simulations of the ozone layer: 2015–55

Cited by 16 publications

References 27 publications

Middle‐atmospheric response to a future increase in humidity arising from increased methane abundance

Middle‐atmospheric response to a future increase in humidity arising from increased methane abundance

Potential Environmental Impact of a Hydrogen Economy on the Stratosphere

STRATAQ: A three-dimensional Chemical Transport Model of the stratosphere

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About