Three‐Dimensional Heteroatom‐Doped Carbon Nanofiber Networks Derived from Bacterial Cellulose for Supercapacitors

Abstract

5104 www.MaterialsViews.com wileyonlinelibrary.comof heteroatom-doped carbon nanomaterials. In the past decades, there has been certain success in developing effective approaches for synthesizing heteroatomdoped carbon nanomaterials. [ 10,12,[16][17][18][19][20][21] However, despite great progress has been made, the preparation of different heteroatom-doped carbon materials is rarely a general strategy; furthermore, the preparation of these existing heteroatomdoped carbon materials, specifi cally 3D network monolith, usually involves either complicated and expensive instruments, or harsh, complex, and time-consuming synthesis routes, or hazardous chemicals (e.g., concentrated sulfuric acid), all that have seriously restricted their practical applications. Accordingly, it is highly desirable to exploit a simple, renewable, scalable, but multifunctional and general strategy to effectively engineer 3D heteroatom-doped carbon nanomaterials, which is crucial for widespread implementation and commercialization.Bacterial cellulose (BC), a bio-product produced from fermentation, has attracted much attention due to its wide availability, low cost, renewability, and porous nature. [ 6,14,22,23 ] Herein, we demonstrate a highly effi cient, convenient, lowcost, and general strategy to fabricate heteroatom-doped carbon nanomaterials based on the characteristic abundant surface functional groups (hydroxy/carboxylic groups) of BC, [ 24 ] in which the BC serves as an excellent platform for introducing different heteroatoms into the framework of carbon nanomaterials. Specifi cally, P-doped, N,P-co-doped, and B,P-co-doped carbon nanofi bers were successfully prepared by impregnating H 3 PO 4 , NH 4 H 2 PO 4 , and H 3 BO 3 / H 3 PO 4 into the BC pellicle, respectively, followed by carbonization in an inert atmosphere at 800 °C. Compared with previous reports, our approach has three signifi cant advantages for constructing 3D macroscopic heteroatom-doped carbon materials, namely, i) the raw materials are abundant and cheap, ii) the preparation process is easy handling, versatile, and general, and iii) the fabrication is generally suitable for an industrial scale-up. To demonstrate the application potential of the as-prepared heteroatom-doped carbon nanomaterials, here we show the utilization of N,P-co-doped carbon nanofi bers in electrode materials of supercapacitor devices. The as-constructed supercapacitor exhibits high power density and excellent cycling stability.Recently, heteroatom-doped three-dimensional (3D) nanostructured carbon materials have attracted immense interest because of their great potential in various applications. Hence, it is highly desirable to exploit a simple, renewable, scalable, multifunctional, and general strategy to engineer 3D heteroatom-doped carbon nanomaterials. Herein, a simple, eco-friendly, general, and effective way to fabricate 3D heteroatom-doped carbon nanofi ber networks on a large scale is reported. Using this method, 3D P-doped, N,Pco-doped, and B,P-co-doped carbon nanofi ber networks are...

Mo2C nanoparticles embedded within bacterial cellulose-derived 3D N-doped carbon nanofiber networks for efficient hydrogen evolution

“…It should be noted that the N-dopants in CNFs originated from NH 4 + of (NH 4 ) 6 Mo 7 O 24 during the pyrolysis process, which is similar to other BC-derived N-doped CNFs prepared by annealing BC with ammonium salt. 21 The crystalline phase compositions of the products obtained at different concentrations of (NH 4 ) 6 Mo 7 O 24 solution were first examined by X-ray diffraction (Supplementary Figure S2). A broad peak near 22°can be attributed to the (002) planes of graphitic carbon.…”

“…20 Our recent studies demonstrated that BC was an excellent precursor for producing heteroatom-doped carbon nanofiber (CNF) aerogels for energy storage and conversion. [21][22][23] In this work, using BC as 3D nanostructured carbon source, we report a facile method for synthesizing a non-noble-metal HER electrocatalyst consisting of ultrafine Mo 2 C nanoparticles embedded within 3D N-doped carbon nanofiber networks (Mo 2 C@N-CNFs) via a solidstate reaction between (NH 4 ) 6 Mo 7 O 24 and BC. Owing to the low-cost biomass precursor and simple preparation process, our developed method is environmentally friendly, inexpensive and easy to scale up.…”

Heteroatom–doped hollow carbon microspheres based on amphiphilic supramolecular vesicles and highly crosslinked polyphosphazene for high performance supercapacitor electrode materials

“…These heteroatoms come from the molecular 12 backbones of the HPMSs. The presence of heteroatoms in carbon structure has been demonstrated to be efficient in promoting the specific capacity [10,12,[33][34][35]. As shown in Table 1 (Fig.…”

“…Carbon-based electrodes with higher specific surface area, porosity and higher electrical conductivity are favorable for increasing the capacity and energy density of the electrodes. On the other hand, carbon materials with special designed architecture could enhance the penetration and transportation efficiency of electrolyte ions, and thus can endow the electrodes with better electrochemical performance at high current densities [8,[11][12][13].…”

Highly densified carbon electrode materials towards practical supercapacitor devices

“…In this context, carbonaceous materials such as activated carbon (AC), carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene, largely fulfill the above mentioned conditions, and have therefore been intensely investigated for supercapacitor applications. For instance, AC electrodes used in commercial supercapacitors provide gravimetric capacitances of 200-500 F g −1 and 130-230 F g −1 in aqueous and organic electrolytes, respectively [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Using novel carbons such as graphene-based materials as electrodes has resulted in significant progress in improving the specific gravimetric capacitance of carbon electrodes.…”