To reduce the overpotential of electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) for high-efficiency water splitting, a series of 2 to 5 nm ultrafine spinel Co 3 O 4 nanoparticles (NPs) with varied amount of lattice-doped Te (XTe-Co 3 O 4 , X represents the nominal molar ratio Te/Co of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8%) as catalysts were prepared through a simple hydrothermal synthesis method. The 6% Te-Co 3 O 4 catalyst was optimized to obtain the overpotential as low as 313 mV at 10 mA cm À2 , a small Tafel slope of 75 mV dec À1 in 1 M KOH for OER, outperforming this series and many reported Co 3 O 4 -based catalysts. Te doping introduced lattice distortion and resulted in smaller size of Te-Co 3 O 4 NPs with enlarged surface area for more accessible active sites. Oxygen vacancies were created to modify the electronic structure, improve the active sites density, and decrease the kinetic energy barriers of XTe-Co 3 O 4 . The electronic conductivity of 6%Te-Co 3 O 4 was improved to accelerate the charge transfer efficiency. All these effects contributed to promoting the reaction kinetics and minimizing the OER overpotentials for high-performance electrocatalysis.