Three-dimensional porous metal electrodes: Fabrication, characterisation and use

Abstract

Diverse 3D porous metal electrodes, including meshes, foams and felts, are used in electrochemical flow reactors for a wide range of industrial applications, such as energy storage, electrosynthesis and degradation of pollutants. Recent work centres on the hierarchical decoration and coating of 3D electrodes with catalysts, although the study of their performance in a controlled and reproducible flow and mass transfer environment ought to receive more attention. New advances have considered metal nanofelts and nanomesh porous electrodes which show superior productivity. Opportunities are found in additive manufacturing, advanced structural characterization by e.g., X-ray computed tomography, and in 3D modelling of the hydrodynamic characteristics, current distribution and mass transfer coefficient.

Three-Dimensional Cathodes for Electrochemical Reduction of CO2: From Macro- to Nano-Engineering

“…The processes, advantages, features and mechanisms of each synthesis strategy were discussed in detail in Yang's paper, and will not be presented in this paper. Figure 12 shows a 3D porous Cu foam electrode with hierarchical ZnO nanowires grown on CuO nanowires through combination of chemical and hydrothermal processes [239]. One of the objectives of this paper is to demonstrate the applications of porous materials-supported nano-catalysts as 3D cathodes for CO 2 RR, i.e., a porous structure and its fabrication method enhancing the performance of CO 2 RR.…”

“…The HPNAs were prepared through a dualtemplating approach using reverse, porous poly(methyl methacrylate) as a hard template and nonionic surfactant octaethylene glycol monohexadecyl ether as a lyotropic liquid crystal (LLC) Figure 12. Process for the production of CuO-ZnO nanowires on copper foam [239]. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier, 2019.…”

“…Process for the production of CuO-ZnO nanowires on copper foam[239]. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier, 2019.…”

Advances and current challenges in non‐invasive wearable sensors and wearable biosensors—A mini‐review

“…Among the most used materials stands out the Ecoflex due to presenting Young's modulus that approximates that of human skin (Kim et al, 2019; Xu et al, 2019; Yang, Kong, & Fang, 2019). The most frequently used active materials for sensor construction are carbon derivatives and silver‐based metal nanomaterials (Arenas et al, 2019; Muralee et al, 2020). These can be used to create devices in the form of stickers, tattoos, bandages or even smart clothes for specific monitoring of the sweat, ISF for human motion.…”

Design, imaging and performance of 3D printed open‐cell architectures for porous electrodes: quantification of surface area and permeability

“…The electrode structure can then be modified using a wide diversity of catalysts and hierarchical structures, adding functionality and selectivity. 14,15 3D printing can provide control over pore size and shape, distance between pores, volumetric porosity and surface area of the porous structures within the manufacturing resolution. Such advances could find novel or niche applications for 3D printed electrodes in water treatment, 16,17 electrosynthesis, 18,19 environmental remediation 20,21 and energy storage.…”