Three dimensional porous scaffolds derived from collagen, elastin and fibrin proteins orchestrate adipose tissue regeneration

Abstract

Current gold standard to treat soft tissue injuries caused by trauma and pathological condition are autografts and off the shelf fillers, but they have inherent weaknesses like donor site morbidity, immuno-compatibility and graft failure. To overcome these limitations, tissue-engineered polymers are seeded with stem cells to improve the potential to restore tissue function. However, their interaction with native tissue is poorly understood so far. To study these interactions and improve outcomes, we have fabricated scaffolds from natural polymers (collagen, fibrin and elastin) by custom-designed processes and their material properties such as surface morphology, swelling, wettability and chemical cross-linking ability were characterised. By using 3D scaffolds, we comprehensive assessed survival, proliferation and phenotype of adipose-derived stem cells in vitro. In vivo, scaffolds were seeded with adipose-derived stem cells and implanted in a rodent model, with X-ray microtomography, histology and immunohistochemistry as read-outs. Collagen-based materials showed higher cell adhesion and proliferation in vitro as well as higher adipogenic properties in vivo. In contrast, fibrin demonstrated poor cellular and adipogenesis properties but higher angiogenesis. Elastin formed the most porous scaffold, with cells displaying a non-aggregated morphology in vitro while in vivo elastin was the most degraded scaffold. These findings of how polymers present in the natural polymers mimicking ECM and seeded with stem cells affect adipogenesis in vitro and in vivo can open avenues to design 3D grafts for soft tissue repair.

Mesenchymal Stem Cells Isolated from Paediatric Paravertebral Adipose Tissue Show Strong Osteogenic Potential

“…Specific staining revealed that the cells were positive for CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105 and CD166 and negative for CD14, CD31, CD34 and CD45 (adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells; normal, human (ATCC PCS-500-011)). The cell line has been used to date for various research applications, including adipose tissue regeneration [ 21 ], osteointegration in bioactive coatings [ 22 ], chondrogenesis [ 23 ] and neurogenesis [ 24 ].…”

Chitosan‐collagen‐fibrinogen uncrosslinked scaffolds possessing skin regeneration and vascularization potential

“…Lack of crosslinkers also allow the CC scaffolds to have lower water angle as compared with the genipin‐crosslinked CC scaffolds as reported by another study 32 . Increase in hydrophilicity due to addition of fibrinogen in CCF scaffold was observed and therefore high angiogenic and wound healing potential may be obtained 33 …”

“…32 Increase in hydrophilicity due to addition of fibrinogen in CCF scaffold was observed and therefore high angiogenic and wound healing potential may be obtained. 33 CD spectroscopy: CD spectra of CCF scaffolds was acquired to characterize the interactions between different components. chitosan/alginate composites.…”

Mechanomimetic 3D Scaffolds as a Humanized In Vitro Model for Ovarian Cancer

“…For its high biocompatibility and bioactivity, the natural polymer collagen was selected for scaffold fabrication in this research. Collagen is the most abundant structural protein in the connective tissues, and its homology across species provides low antigenicity and high biocompatibility [ 60 , 61 ]; in humans, collagen represents one-third of the total protein content in the body [ 62 ]. Over the last two decades, four major scaffolding approaches for TE have evolved: pre-made porous scaffolds, decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM), cell sheets with self-secreted ECM, and cell encapsulation in a self-assembled hydrogel matrix [ 63 ].…”