Three-dimensional prediction of the human eyeball and canthi for craniofacial reconstruction using cone-beam computed tomography

Kim, Sang-Rok; Lee, Kyung-Min; Cho, Jin-Hyoung; Hwang, Hyeon-Shik

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.01.031

Cited by 21 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…According to Stephan and Davidson [8], the endocanthion in an Australian population lies lower than the exocanthion, with the endocanthion approximately 19.5 mm below the SOM reference plane and the exocanthion 18.5 mm below the SOM reference plane. Kim et al [16] similarly reported that in their sample of Korean individuals, the endocanthion is found lower than the exocanthion, at 22.8 mm and 20.2 mm respectively below the SOM. However, although specific distances are quite similar, especially to [8], in contrast to these studies reporting on the position of the canthi, the current study found the endocanthion to be positioned higher than the exocanthion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…The eyes are to be positioned supero-laterally in the orbit according to guidelines established by expert studies [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Although conflicting findings on the position of the eyes have been reported [16], several studies [8,14,15] provide strong evidence of a more superior and lateral placement of the eyeball in the orbit. Specific distances of this position have been established for some populations [8,14], but it is uncertain how applicable these absolute values are in the South African context.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Variations in the position of the endocanthion and exocanthion are also reported in the literature. Although all researchers did not use directly comparable landmarks to define the position of the endocanthion and the exocanthion, the general trend indicates that the endocanthion is positioned lower than the exocanthion [8,16]. A study by Stewart [17], however, found the endocanthion and exocanthion to be on the same level.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Facial approximations: Characteristics of the eye in a South African sample

Dorfling

Lockhat

Pretorius

et al. 2018

Forensic Science International

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Although guidelines for facial approximations, including those for the eye, are in use in South Africa, limited data on African populations exist to confirm its validity. As precise placement of the eyes in facial approximations is of importance for facial recognition, this study tested established guidelines by measuring specific instrumental dimensions. Forty-nine cadavers from the Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University and the University of Pretoria were dissected to determine the position of the canthi and the size and position of the eyeball in the orbit. Thirty cone beam computer tomography scans and 30 computer tomography scans from the Oral and Dental and Steve Biko Hospitals respectively were used to determine the size of the eyeball. Results from this study were compared to the published guidelines. The most prominent discrepancies included a more rectangular shape of the orbit, an oval shaped eyeball and a different position of the canthi. In African faces, the medial canthus was found to be located higher than the lateral canthus. The distance between the endocanthion and superior orbital margin was 17.7mm and the exocanthion and superior orbital margin 19.5mm. Inter-population differences may have an effect on facial approximations and its accuracy as is often demonstrated in practice. The findings of this study should be taken into consideration when designing population specific guidelines for reconstruction of the eye in South Africans of African ancestry.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Facial approximations: Characteristics of the eye in a South African sample

Dorfling

Lockhat

Pretorius

et al. 2018

Forensic Science International

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“…In shaping the upper face, eyeball position is considered to be an important characteristic (Stephan et al, 2009). For this reason, particularly in the field of forensic science, some efforts have been taken to reveal the factors that determine the eyeball position (Stephan et al, 2009;Guyomarc'h et al, 2014;Kim et al, 2016). In a survey of computed tomography (CT) data from French hospitals, Guyomarc'h et al (2014) found that individuals with more projected eyeballs had a higher orbit.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computed tomography examinations of the surface and internal morphologies of the upper face in Ryukyu Islanders and mainland Japanese population

Ito

Kimura

Ryukoden

et al. 2018

Anthropological Science

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Using computed tomography, we examined the surface and internal morphologies of the upper face of people living on the Ryukyu Islands and mainland Japanese, focusing on the nasal root protrusion and eyeball position. The results showed that the nasal root protrusion on the surface was influenced by a combination of changes in both hard and soft tissues, such as skeletal nasal protrusion, eyeball recession, and skin thickness. The eyeball position became more posterior as the orbital cavity height and depth increased. Compared with people originating from mainland Japan, Ryukyu Islanders had a more prominent nasal root at both surface and skeletal levels, and a lower orbital rim relative to its internal height. However, a significant difference in the eyeball position and skin thickness was not detected. Therefore, the skeletal nasal root protrusion, not soft tissue configuration, is likely to account for the difference in the surface nasal root protrusion between the two populations. These findings will contribute to a better understanding of the association between hard and soft tissue configurations and the diversification of human facial features at the individual and population levels.

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“…Subject to a degree of artistic privilege, however, is the construction and positioning of the highly variable facial features (e.g., eyes, nose, and lips) (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7). A recent development in the field of facial approximation is debate regarding appropriate placement of the eye orbs within the bony eye orbits of the skull [4][5][6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automated facial recognition and candidate list rank change of computer generated facial approximations generated with multiple eye orb positions

Parks¹,

Monson

2016

Forensic Science International

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Expanding on research previously reported by the authors, this study further examines the recognizability of ReFace facial approximations generated with the following eye orb positions: (i) centrally within the bony eye socket, (ii) 1.0mm superior and 2.0mm lateral relative to center, and (iii) 1.0mm superior and 2.5mm lateral relative to center. Overall, 81% of the test subjects' approximation ranks improved with the use of either of the two supero-lateral eye orbs. Highly significant performance differences (p<0.01) were observed between the approximations with centrally positioned eye orbs (i) and approximations with the eye orbs placed in the supero-laterally positions (ii and iii). Noteworthy was the observation that in all cases when the best rank for an approximation was obtained with the eye orbs in position (iii), the second best rank was achieved with the eye orbs in position (ii). A similar pattern was also observed when the best rank was obtained with the eye orbs in position (ii), with 60% of the second best ranks observed in position (iii). It is argued, therefore, that an approximation constructed with the eye orbs placed in either of the two supero-lateral positions may be more effective and operationally informative than centrally positioned orbs.

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Three-dimensional prediction of the human eyeball and canthi for craniofacial reconstruction using cone-beam computed tomography

Cited by 21 publications

References 26 publications

Facial approximations: Characteristics of the eye in a South African sample

Facial approximations: Characteristics of the eye in a South African sample

Computed tomography examinations of the surface and internal morphologies of the upper face in Ryukyu Islanders and mainland Japanese population

Automated facial recognition and candidate list rank change of computer generated facial approximations generated with multiple eye orb positions

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