Three dimensional printed nanostructure biomaterials for bone tissue engineering

Abstract

The suffering from organ dysfunction due to damaged or diseased tissue/bone has been globally on the rise. Current treatment strategies for non-union bone defects include: the use of autografts, allografts, synthetic grafts and free vascularized fibular grafts. Bone tissue engineering has emerged as an alternative for fracture repair to satisfy the current unmet need of bone grafts and to alleviate the problems associated with autografts and allografts. The technology offers the possibility to induce new functional bone regeneration using synergistic combination of functional biomaterials (scaffolds), cells, and growth factors. Bone scaffolds are typically made of porous biodegradable materials that provide the mechanical support during repair and regeneration of damaged or diseased bone. Significant progress has been made towards scaffold materials for structural support, desired osteogenesis and angiogenesis abilities. Thanks for innovative scaffolds fabrication technologies, bioresorbable scaffolds with controlled porosity and tailored properties are possible today. Despite the presence of different bone scaffold fabrication methods, pore size, shape and interconnectivity have not yet been fully controlled in most of the methods. Moreover, scaffolds with tailored porosity for specific defects are still difficult to manufacture. Nevertheless, such scaffolds can be designed and fabricated using three dimensional (3D) printing approaches. 3D printing technology, as an advanced tissue scaffold fabrication method, offers the opportunity to produce complex geometries with distinct advantages. The technology has been used for the production of various types of bodily constructs such as blood vessels, vascular networks, bones, cartilages, exoskeletons, eyeglasses, cell cultures, tissues, organs and novel drug delivery devices. This review focuses on 3D printed scaffolds and their application in bone repair and regeneration. In addition, different classes of biomaterials commonly employed for the fabrication of 3D nano scaffolds for bone tissue engineering application so far are briefly discussed.

An overview of substrate stiffness guided cellular response and its applications in tissue regeneration

“…Bulk mechanical properties of substrates are affected by the uniformity in pore geometry [ 116 ]. The excellent uniformity in defect-free pore geometry allows for greater protein absorption without compromising mechanical properties.…”

The Interaction Between Intracellular Energy Metabolism and Signaling Pathways During Osteogenesis

“…Sodium butyrate (NaB) can upregulate PGC-1 α And TFAM by Nrf2/GSK-3 ß Signaling to prevented H2O2 induced oxidative damage in MC3T3-E1 cells, which can promote osteoblast mineralization and differentiation, and maintained the balance of bone metabolism by increasing cellular antioxidant capacity, ATP production, and reducing ROS levels (Tang et al, 2020). It is also worth further sturdy in the field of bone regeneration to investigate the effects of the regenerated biomaterials on energy metabolism (Fan et al, 2014;Liao et al, 2017;Marew and Birhanu, 2021;Graeff et al, 2022).…”

Advances of Hydroxyapatite Hybrid Organic Composite Used as Drug or Protein Carriers for Biomedical Applications: A Review

“…Compared with traditional production methods, 3D printing has the advantages of fast molding speed, high precision, and suitability for producing complex shapes. In vivo application, irregular defect sections and intricacies of simulated tissue can be assembled by precise positioning [ 75 , 76 , 77 ]. The HA granules smaller than the nozzle size are mixed with polymers and polymerized by adding a binder or by curing; the printing parameters (shape, size, pores, etc.)…”