Three-Dimensional Sulfated Bacterial Cellulose/Gelatin Composite Scaffolds for Culturing Hepatocytes

Abstract

The liver is the hub of human metabolism and involves many diseases. To better work on the mechanism and treatment of liver diseases, it is of particular interest to design 3-dimensional scaffolds suitable for culturing hepatocytes in vitro to simulate their metabolic and regenerative abilities. In this study, sulfated bacterial cellulose (SBC) was prepared as the building block of cell scaffolds, motivated by the anionic nature and 3-dimensional structure of hepatic extracellular matrix, and its reaction condition for sulfate esterification was optimized by changing the reaction time. The analysis and study of the microscopic morphology, structure, and cytocompatibility of SBCs showed that they possess good biocompatibility and meet the requirements for tissue engineering. Next, SBC was mixed with gelatin for composite scaffolds (SBC/Gel) for culturing hepatocytes by homogenization and freeze-drying methods, whose physical properties such as pore size, porosity, and compression properties were compared with gelatin (Gel) scaffolds as the control group, and the cytological activity and hemocompatibility of the composite scaffolds were investigated. The results showed that the SBC/Gel composite has better porosity and compression properties, as well as good cytocompatibility and hemocompatibility, and could be applied to 3-dimensional culture of hepatocytes for drug screening or liver tissue engineering.

Cartilage tissue engineering using decellularized biomatrix hydrogel containing TGF-β-loaded alginate microspheres in mechanically loaded bioreactor

“…2 C). After that, loading groups were exposed to axial compression in a sinusoidal manner between 0.4 and 0.8 mm, resulting in an actual strain amplitude of 10–20% of the cartilage explant height at a frequency of 0.5 Hz and simultaneous shear motion by ball oscillation at ± 25° and 0.5 Hz 19 .…”

“…However, in addition to the chondrogenic stimuli, delivery methods have impressive effects on the final results 18 , 19 . On the other hand, the alginate-based systems are ideal candidates for bioactive molecule delivery because of their biocompatibility, flexibility in size and shape, and encapsulation efficiency 20 .…”

Comparative Analysis of Trifluoracetic Acid Pretreatment for Lignocellulosic Materials

“…However, a process scale analysis was performed to evaluate the contribution of the costs in the CapEx for a large-scale process. Equation (6) shows the division of cost in the CapEx calculation, and all of the share percentages can be seen in Rueda-Duran et al (2022) [19], where Equipment Cost (EC) was determined with an Aspen Plus Economic Analyzer; Total Direct Cost (TDC) considers the costs of installation, instrumentation and control, piping, electrical buildings including services, yard improvements, and service facilities; Total Indirect Cost (TIC) considers engineering and supervision costs, construction expenses, and legal expenses; and finally, function of total direct and indirect cost (FTDIC) includes the contractor's fee and contingency.…”

“…Cellulose content is also important due to its wide applications. In fact, cellulose is used as a platform for fermentation processes or as nanocomposite for different uses [6]. Pretreatments can be classified as chemical, biological, thermal, thermochemical, physical, and physicochemical.…”

Advances in drug delivery applications of modified bacterial cellulose-based materials

“…Cellulose sulfate can be formed through sulfation in sulfuric acid or an SO 3 -pyridine complex, with several properties such as anticoagulating, antivirus, and antibacterial activity (Song et al, 2021). Sun et al prepared sulfated BC to create a composite with gelatin as the building block of cell scaffolds (Li et al, 2023). The results show that the sulfation of BC renders composite scaffolds with good cytocompatibility, hemocompatibility, and anticoagulant effects.…”