Three-dimensional visualization of confocal images of wood pulp fibres

Robertson, Anne S.; Jang, Ho Fan; Seth, R. S.

doi:10.1007/bf00729646

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…First, we evaluated the general anatomy of the stems in transverse sections at the top three axial locations (the widest stems could not be cut transverselly to preserve the plants): flexible searchers (2mm diameter), stiff thin branches (2mm diameter), and mature stems (6-10mm diameter). Stem material was maintained in 1X Tris-buffered saline (TBS), sectioned transversally at 50 μm with a Reichert-Jung Hn-40 sliding microtome (Austria), mounted onto glass slides, and stained with aniline blue that stains callose of the sieve tubes, or with 0.1% of acridine orange in TBS buffer, which yields fluorescence of the lignified tissues (Robertson et al, 1992). To sample the phloem tissue, the external side of stems containing the bark were extracted with a sharp knife at the different positions described above, kept in buffer, sectioned longitudinally with a microscalpel, and stained with aniline blue.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sieve tube structural variation inAustrobaileya scandensand its significance for lianescence

Losada

Holbrook

2021

Preprint

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Lianas are characterized by large leaf areas and slender stems, a combination of features that require an efficient vascular system. The only extant member of the Austrobaileyaceae, is an endemic twining liana of the tropical Australian forests with well-known xylem hydraulic traits. However, the vascular phloem continuum through aerial organs remains understudied. We analyzed the structure of phloem conduits across leaf veins and stems of A. scandens, combining topological data obtained through light and electron microscopy, with current models of phloem transport. Leaves displayed a low xylem to phloem ratio compared with leaves of other angiosperms, with vascular elements invariant in diameter along the midrib, but tapered across vein hierarchies. Sieve plate pore radii were extremely small: 0.08μm in minor veins, increasing to 0.12μm in the petiole and only to 0.20μm at the base of the stem, tens of meters away. Searcher branches contained tube shaped phloem conduits with a pectin-rich wall, whereas twining stems displayed sieve elements with tangential connections that displayed a greater fraction of the tubes populated with an astonishing number of sieve plates. Hydraulic segmentation of the leaves in Austrobaileyaceae correlate with vesseless leaves that benefit photoassimilate export through volumetric scaling of the sieve tube elements. Yet, compared with canopy dominant trees, the geometrical properties of the sieve tube in twining stems, restrict considerably energy distribution in the sub-canopy layers, potentially favoring the allocation of assimilates toward the elongating branches. Thus, the conductive xylem of twining stems contrasts with a poorly conductive phloem that meets the mechanical constraints of lianescence.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sieve tube structural variation inAustrobaileya scandensand its significance for lianescence

Losada

Holbrook

2021

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…First, we evaluated the general anatomy of the stems in transverse sections at the top three axial locations (the widest stems could not be cut transversely to preserve the plants): flexible searchers (2mm diameter), stiff thin branches (2mm diameter), and mature stems (6-10mm diameter). Stem material was maintained in 1X Tris-buffered saline (TBS), sectioned transversally at 50 μm with a Reichert-Jung Hn-40 sliding microtome (Austria), mounted onto glass slides, and stained with aniline blue that binds to callose of the sieve tubes, or with 0.1% of acridine orange in TBS buffer, which yields fluorescence of the lignified tissues (Robertson et al, 1992). To sample the phloem tissue, the external side of stems containing the bark were extracted with a sharp knife at the different positions described above, kept in buffer, sectioned longitudinally with a microscalpel, and stained with aniline blue.…”

Section: Stem Anatomymentioning

confidence: 99%

Sieve tube structural variation in Austrobaileya scandens and its significance for lianescence

Losada¹,

Holbrook

2021

Preprint

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Lianas combine large leaf areas with slender stems, features that require an efficient vascular system. The only extant member of the Austrobaileyaceae is an endemic twining liana of the tropical Australian forests with well-known xylem hydraulics, but the vascular phloem continuum aboveground remains understudied. Microscopy analysis across leaf veins and stems of A. scandens revealed a low foliar xylem to phloem ratio, with isodiametric vascular elements along the midrib, but tapered across vein orders. Small sieve plate pore radii increased from 0.08 µm in minor veins to 0.12 µm in the petiole, but only to 0.20 µm at the stem base, tens of meters away. In searcher branches, phloem conduits contained a pectin-rich wall and simple plates, whereas in twinning stems, conduits connected through highly-angled-densely populated sieve plates. Twisted and elongated stems of A. scandens display a high hydraulic resistance of phloem conduits, which decreases from leaves to stems, efficiently delivering photoassimilate from sources under Münch predictions. Sink strength of a continuously growing canopy might be stronger than in self-supporting understory plants, favoring resource allocation to aerial organs in angiosperms that colonized the vertical niche.

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“…A complete understanding of paper structure requires thus a comprehensive 3D characterization. Image acquisition for 3D reconstruction and analysis may be performed with LM (Hasuike et al , 1992; Wiltsche et al , 2005), CLSM (Robertson et al , 1992; Moss et al , 1993; Ting et al , 1997; Xu et al , 1997; Ozaki et al , 2006) and SEM (Aronsson et al , 2002; Chinga & Helle, 2003c; Chinga et al , 2004). Although SEM provides high quality and sub‐micrometre resolution, the application of SEM to 3D analysis may be time consuming and not suitable as a standard assessment method.…”

Section: Characterization Of Paper Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the multi‐scale structure of printing paper – a review of modern technology

Chinga-Carrasco¹

2009

Journal of Microscopy

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SummaryPrinting paper is an important communication and information medium affecting our daily activities in several ways. The structure of paper may affect its optical, mechanical, fluid transport and print properties. In order to achieve a complete understanding of these processes a comprehensive characterization of relevant surface and bulk structures of paper is necessary. The paper grades considered in this study are newsprints, super calendered and coated papers. A detailed description of several image acquisition techniques used to assess the printing paper structures is given, including desktop scanners, profilometry, light microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, focused-ion-beam, X-ray microtomography and transmission electron microscopy. The presented methods cover a wide range of structure sizes, from the macro-to the sub-nano level. The complementary capabilities of the image acquisition techniques for assessing structural details of paper and prints are discussed.

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Three-dimensional visualization of confocal images of wood pulp fibres

Cited by 8 publications

References 1 publication

Sieve tube structural variation inAustrobaileya scandensand its significance for lianescence

Sieve tube structural variation inAustrobaileya scandensand its significance for lianescence

Sieve tube structural variation in Austrobaileya scandens and its significance for lianescence

Exploring the multi‐scale structure of printing paper – a review of modern technology

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