Three Main Genes in the MAPK Cascade Involved in the Chinese Jujube-Phytoplasma Interaction

Liu, Zhiguo; Zhao, Zhihui; Xue, Chaoling; Wang, Lixin; Wang, Lili; Feng, Chunfang; Zhang, Liman; Yu, Zhe; Zhao, Jin; Liu, Mengjun

doi:10.3390/f10050392

Cited by 15 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…In this study, we demonstrate that several ZjMAPKKKs, such as in vitro. This result is consistent with the findings of our previous work in which we found that ZjMPK1 was the gene potentially related to phytoplasma infection in vitro [17] but was different from our later finding that ZjMPK2 was likely regulating along with ZjMEK2 in vivo [23]. The reason behind this phenomenon may be that many more environmental factors (e.g., light and temperature) affect the development of a phytoplasma infection in vivo.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…In addition, ZjMPK2, ZjMKK2 and ZjMKK4 have been shown to be the main genes involved in the Chinese jujube-phytoplasma interaction. Additionally, using yeast two-hybrid analyses, it has been demonstrated that ZjMKK2 interacts with ZjMPK2 [17,23]. All these results demonstrate the important function of MAPK cascades in response to phytoplasma infection in Chinese jujube.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…Asterisks indicate the corresponding genes significantly up-or downregulated at each time within symptomatic leaves compared with healthy control leaves (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01) Arabidopsis by activating MKK4/MKK5-MPK3/MPK6 [27]. Moreover, ZjMKK2 could activate ZjMPK2 and thus play essential roles in the JWB defence response [23]. Ye et al [22] have shown that after phytoplasma infection, MAPKs can also be activated and that the transcription factor WRKY33 is regulated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…'Goutouzao' were used as a parallel testing group, with healthy plantlets being used as controls (as shown in Additional file 4 Figure S3). The presence of JWB phytoplasma in the diseased and healthy sterile cultivated plantlets was detected using DAPI staining at the histological level (Additional file 5 Figure S4) [23]. Ten plantlets were pooled to form one sample, and three independent biological replications were sampled separately.…”

Section: Plant Materials and Treatmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genome-wide identification of MAPKKK genes and their responses to phytoplasma infection in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)

et al. 2020

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Background: Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play vital roles in signal transduction in response to a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses. In a previous study, we identified ten ZjMAPKs and five ZjMAPKKs in the Chinese jujube genome. We found that some members of ZjMAPKs and ZjMAPKKs may play key roles in the plant's response to phytoplasma infection. However, how these ZjMAPKKs are modulated by ZjMAPKKKs during the response process has not been elucidated. Little information is available regarding MAPKKKs in Chinese jujube.Results: A total of 56 ZjMAPKKKs were identified in the jujube genome. All of these kinases contain the key S-TKc (serine/threonine protein kinase) domain, which is distributed among all 12 chromosomes. Phylogenetic analyses show that these ZjMAPKKKs can be classified into two subfamilies. Specifically, 41 ZjMAPKKKs belong to the Raf subfamily, and 15 belong to the MEKK subfamily. In addition, the ZjMAPKKKs in each subfamily share the same conserved motifs and gene structures. Only one pair of ZjMAPKKKs (15/16, on chromosome 5) was found to be tandemly duplicated. Using qPCR, the expression profiles of these MAPKKKs were investigated in response to infection with phytoplasma. In the three main infected tissues (witches' broom leaves, phyllody leaves, and apparently normal leaves), ZjMAPKKK26 and − 45 were significantly upregulated, and ZjMAPKKK3, − 43 and − 50 were significantly downregulated. ZjMAPKKK4, − 10, − 25 and − 44 were significantly and highly induced in sterile cultivated tissues infected by phytoplasma, while ZjMAPKKK6, − 7, − 17, − 18, − 30, − 34, − 35, − 37, − 40, − 41, − 43, − 46, − 52 and − 53 were significantly downregulated.Conclusions: For the first time, we present an identification and classification analysis of ZjMAPKKKs. Some ZjMAPKKK genes may play key roles in the response to phytoplasma infection. This study provides an initial understanding of the mechanisms through which ZjMAPKKKs are involved in the response of Chinese jujube to phytoplasma infection.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Plant Materials and Treatmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genome-wide identification of MAPKKK genes and their responses to phytoplasma infection in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)

et al. 2020

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“…In addition, ZjMPK2, ZjMKK2 and ZjMKK4 have been shown to be the main genes involved in Chinese jujubephytoplasma interaction. Also, using yeast two hybrid analyses, it has been demonstrated that ZjMKK2 interacts with ZjMPK2 [18,24]. All these results demonstrate the important function of MAPK cascades in response to phytoplasma infection in Chinese jujube.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Genome-wide identification of MAPKKK genes and their responses to phytoplasma infection in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)

Liu

Wang

Xue

et al. 2019

Preprint

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KEYWORDSChinese jujube, MAPKKKs, Jujube witches' broom, Phytoplasma, Expression profiles salinity, cold and pathogen attack [1][2][3]. The conserved serine/threonine MAPKKKs can be activated by plasma membrane receptors, these in turn phosphorylate the MAPKKs, which then activate the MAPKs by sequential phosphorylation. Finally, the MAPKs regulate other kinases or related transcription factors in response to various stresses [4, 5]. Each MAPK cascade family consists of a number of members, the number of members varies significantly between families. For example, the MAPKKKs family comprises a greater number of members and shows more complex sequence diversity than the other two families. The members belonging to the MAPKKKs family can be classified into the subfamilies Raf, ZIK and MEKK, according to their characteristic sequence motifs [6]. A structural diversity is found among MAPKKKs in each subfamily. The Raf subfamily has a C-terminal kinase domain and a long N-terminal regulatory domain, while ZIK proteins have only an N-terminal kinase domains and the MEKK subfamily has fewer conserved kinase domains. In addition, a long N-terminal regulatory domain forms the backbone for the Raf and ZIK subfamilies [1, 6]. The MAPK cascades have been implicated in signal transduction in distinct innate immunity [7, 8]. In Arabidopsis, the MEKK1-MKK4/5-MPK3/6-WRKY22/WRKY29/FRK1 cascade is involved in innate immunity signalling transduction and the MEKK1-MKK1/MKK2-MPK4 kinase cascade can negatively activate MEKK2 which further leads to a SUMM2-mediated immune responses [9, 10]. In tobacco, NPK1-MEK1-Ntf6 can regulate WRKY/MYB transcription factors to participate in the tobacco mosaic virus infection pathway [11]. In addition, the MAPKKKα-MKK2/MKK4-MPK2/MPK3 cascades take part in the Pto-mediated effect or triggered immunity (ETI) pathway by regulating the transcription factor TGA in tomato [12]. Hence, the MAPKs pathway is indeed involved in response to pathogen attack and may also play essential roles in the response to phytoplasma infection in Chinese jujube. The MAPKKKs family has now been characterised in the plant kingdom. A total of 80 MAPKKKs were first identified in Arabidopsis in 2002 [6, 13]. Since then, an array of different MAPKKKs have been identified from in a range of plant species including rice (75 members), Zea mays (71 members), Vitis vinifera (45 members), Malus domestica (72 members) and Musa nana (77 members) [14-17].However, little is known about the biological information and function of the MAPKKK gene family in Chinese jujube, even though detailed information for ZjMAPKKs and ZjMAPKs has previously been ZjMAPKKKs subfamily was used to find the highest number of conserved domains [30]. Sequence alignment, phylogenetic and gene duplication analysisAll the protein sequences of ZjMAPKKKs were aligned by ClusterX software using the default parameter values. The alignments of the protein sequences of 56 ZjMAPKKKs and 80 AtMAPKKKs were then subjected to phylogenetic analysis using MEGA 6.06 alignment expl...

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Comparative transcriptome profiling analysis provides insight into the mechanisms for sugar change in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) under rain‐proof cultivation

Wang

Chen

et al. 2023

The Plant Genome

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Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is a globally popular and economically important fruit that is rich in bioactive compounds with strong anti-cancer effects. Rain-proof cultivation is widely used to cultivate Chinese jujube, as it helps avoid rainfall damage during fruit harvest. Although the sugar content of jujube fruits differs between rain-proof and open-field cultivation, the underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. Here, we analyzed the levels of sugar content, sugar accumulation pattern, and transcriptome profiles of jujube fruits at five developmental stages grown under rain-proof and open-field cultivation modes. The sugar content of jujube fruits was significantly higher under rain-proof cultivation than under open-field cultivation, although the sugar composition and sugar accumulation patterns were comparable. Comparative analysis of transcriptomic profiles showed that rain-proof cultivation enhanced the intrinsic metabolic activity of fruit development. Gene expression and correlation analyses suggested that ZjSPS, ZjSS, ZjHXK, and ZjINV regulate the development-related changes in sugar content in jujube fruits grown under rain-proof cultivation. Temperature, humidity, and moisture conditions were key climatic factors affecting sugar accumulation. Our results provide insights into the molecular mechanisms regulating sugar content and sugar accumulation in Chinese jujube fruits grown under rain-proof cultivation, and we provide genetic resources for studying the development mechanism of Chinese jujube fruit.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Three Main Genes in the MAPK Cascade Involved in the Chinese Jujube-Phytoplasma Interaction

Cited by 15 publications

References 44 publications

Genome-wide identification of MAPKKK genes and their responses to phytoplasma infection in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)

Genome-wide identification of MAPKKK genes and their responses to phytoplasma infection in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)

Genome-wide identification of MAPKKK genes and their responses to phytoplasma infection in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)

Comparative transcriptome profiling analysis provides insight into the mechanisms for sugar change in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) under rain‐proof cultivation

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