Three years' observation on side effects of helicopter applications of insecticides used to exterminate Glossina A species in Nigeria

Field trials with the synthetic pyrethroids permethrin, cypermethrin and decamethrin against Glossina (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Nigeria

“…The environmental hazards, especially when applying dieldrin, would also be reduced, but the technique has not been fully assessed, and further field trials are required. Contrary to experience with chlorinated hydrocarbons (Koeman et al, 1978) the environmental damage if any, caused by helicopter pyrethroid spraying appears to be not greater than that caused when pyrethroids are sprayed from the ground. Thus the need for a ground-spray team to deal with ecologicaHy important foci in helicopter projects may no longer exist.…”

“…Pyrethroids could probably safely replace the chlorinated hydrocarbons in this role. In routine helicopter spraying in Nigeria, the ecologically more vulnerable parts of the project area are covered by a special groundspray team (Koeman et al, 1978) as less environmental damage is done by discriminative spraying from the ground. Helicopter spraying of pyrethroids could replace DDT for this use.…”

The effect of ultra-low-volume aerial applications of endosulfan applied against Glossina (Diptera: Glossinidae) on populations of non-target organisms in savanna woodland in Zimbabwe-Rhodesia

“…Aquatic Coleoptera and Hemiptera, Trigona bee colonies, tree frogs and mice appeared to tolerate endosulfan at the applied rate of 14 g a.i./ha. Koeman et al (1978) found that hive bees (presumably A pis mellifera L.) were unaffected by far heavier doses of endosulfan. Fish, however, were susceptible; in the present tests, most died within 48 h after treatment and over 84% had succumbed 19 days after exposure.…”

Management of Tsetse Fly Using Insecticides in Northern Botswana

“…Endosulfan degrades more rapidly than DDT and dieldrin; 9% degradation in water between 5-25 days, 15-30 days from vegetation surface, but remains more than 100 days to one year in soil as residue (Maier-Bode, 1968 1970Koeman et al, 1971Koeman et al, 1978Dortland et al, 1977Nigeria 1975-76 19761976 Dieldrin/Endosulfan ULV helicopter DDT/Endosulfan -Ground spray Endosulfan -ULV fixed-wing Pyrethroids -Ground and Helicopter spray Dortland et al, 1977Koeman et al, 1978Takken et al, 1976Smies et al, 1980Tanzania 1961-71 1979 Dieldrin -Ground spray DNOC (2 methyle-4, 6-dinitro-orthooresol), Bush clearing Table 1. Anti-tesetse fly campaigns in Africa and impacts studied on the non-target agents.…”