Threshold friction velocities and rupture moduli for crusted desert soils for the input of soil particles into the air

Gillette, Dale A.; Adams, John E.; Muhs, Daniel R.; Kihl, Rolf

doi:10.1029/jc087ic11p09003

Cited by 215 publications

(146 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…On average, 40 measurements of the surface strength were taken at 0.25 m intervals across the width of each test section, at two locations in each section. This measurement is similar to, but not an exact replication of, the modulus of rupture test used by Gillette et al 17 to assess the strength of desert soil crusts.…”

Section: Pm 10 Samplingmentioning

confidence: 55%

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Long-Term Efficiencies of Dust Suppressants to Reduce PM₁₀ Emissions from Unpaved Roads

Gillies

Watson

Rogers

et al. 1999

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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A 14-month study was undertaken to assess the long-term efficiencies of four dust suppressants (i.e., biocatalyst stabilizer, polymer emulsion, petroleum emulsion with polymer, and nonhazardous crude-oil-containing materials) to reduce the emission of PM 10 from public unpaved roads. PM 10 emission rates were calculated for each test section and for an untreated section for comparison purposes. Emission rates were determined from PM 10 concentrations measured from 1.25 m to 9 m upwind and downwind of the road and above its surface. Calculated emission factors ranged between zero and 1,361 g-PM 10 /vehicle kilometer traveled (VKT) (average uncertainty = ±35 g-PM 10 / VKT) for the four types applied. One week after application, suppressant efficiencies ranged between 33% and 100% for the four types applied. After 8-12 months of exposure to weathering and 4,900-6,400 vehicle passes, the suppressant efficiencies ranged from zero to 95%. Roadway surface properties associated with low-emitting, well-suppressed surfaces are (1) surface silt loading and (2) strength and flexibility of suppressant material as a surface layer or cover. Suppressants that create surface conditions resistant to brittle failure are less prone to deterioration and more likely to increase long-term reduction efficiency for PM 10 emissions on unpaved roads. IMPLICATIONS PM 10 emissions from unpaved roads constitute large fractions of emission inventories. Chemical suppressants often are recommended to reduce these emissions, but the effectiveness of these measures over time has not been proven. This study shows that several suppressants do not stand up to long-term wear and tear from vehicles and weather. Treatments that resist brittle failure of the surface have the greatest potential to create long-term dust reductions. Inexpensive surface property measurements can be applied to establish quantitative performance standards for suppressant acceptability.

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Section: Pm 10 Samplingmentioning

confidence: 55%

“…The BS, PE, and PEP suppressants were applied to Fields Road during July [13][14][15][16][17][18]1995, and the NHCO was applied during October 17-19, 1995. A fifth section was left untreated for comparison of PM 10 emissions with those from the treated sections.…”

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Efficiencies of Dust Suppressants to Reduce PM₁₀ Emissions from Unpaved Roads

Gillies

Watson

Rogers

et al. 1999

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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“…It is true that SO4 = can be highly enriched in certain soils; for example, gypsum crusts are found in some arid environments. However, these crusts are believed to be resistant to deflation [Gillette et al, 1982]. Glaccum, in a study of the mineralogy of dusts collected at Barbados, did find gypsum, but it was shown to be a reaction product formed on the filter; African dust samples collected aboard aircraft above the MBL did not contain gypsum [Glaccum, 1978;Glaccum and Prospero, 1980].…”

Section: Size Distributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variations in the size distribution of non‐sea‐salt sulfate aerosol in the marine boundary layer at Barbados: Impact of African dust

Li-Jones¹,

Prospero²

1998

J. Geophys. Res.

144

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We suggest that large CPF SO4 = values are a consequence of SO2 in European pollutants that heterogeneously react with the suspended dust over North Africa. Nonetheless, the association of pollutants and dust does not always result in a large CPF; low CPF values suggest that SO2 may have been oxidized to SO4: prior to mixing with dust-laden air. On those days when dust and pollution concentrations were low, the dominant source of nss SO4 = was ascribed to oceanic dimethylsulfide (DMS) and the CPF remained close to 20%. Because such large variations can occur in the particle size distribution of nss SO4 = in association with dust events, the role of mineral dust on nss SO4 = size must be taken into account when estimating the impact of nss SO4 = on radiation transfer in the atmosphere.

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“…WEMO predicts horizontal dust flux (gÁcm À1 Ád À1 ) on the basis of wind velocity, plant height, the size-class distribution of gaps between plant canopies, total plant cover, threshold shear velocity (TSV; Gillette et al 1982), and a suite of other variables. TSV is the surface wind velocity required to initiate soil movement and thus is a measure of soil erodibility.…”

Section: Simulation Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternative states of a semiarid grassland ecosystem: implications for ecosystem services

et al. 2011

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Abstract. Ecosystems can shift between alternative states characterized by persistent differences in structure, function, and capacity to provide ecosystem services valued by society. We examined empirical evidence for alternative states in a semiarid grassland ecosystem where topographic complexity and contrasting management regimes have led to spatial variations in levels of livestock grazing. Using an inventory data set, we found that plots (n ¼ 72) cluster into three groups corresponding to generalized alternative states identified in an a priori conceptual model. One cluster (biocrust) is notable for high coverage of a biological soil crust functional group in addition to vascular plants. Another (grass-bare) lacks biological crust but retains perennial grasses at levels similar to the biocrust cluster. A third (annualized-bare) is dominated by invasive annual plants. Occurrence of grass-bare and annualized-bare conditions in areas where livestock have been excluded for over 30 years demonstrates the persistence of these states. Significant differences among all three clusters were found for percent bare ground, percent total live cover, and functional group richness. Using data for vegetation structure and soil erodibility, we also found large among-cluster differences in average levels of dust emissions predicted by a wind-erosion model. Predicted emissions were highest for the annualized-bare cluster and lowest for the biocrust cluster, which was characterized by zero or minimal emissions even under conditions of extreme wind. Results illustrate potential trade-offs among ecosystem services including livestock production, soil retention, carbon storage, and biodiversity conservation. Improved understanding of these trade-offs may assist ecosystem managers when evaluating alternative management strategies.Key words: biological soil crusts; Bromus tectorum; Colorado Plateau; drylands; dust; ecosystem services; functional groups; livestock grazing; resilience; state and transition model; wind erosion.

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Threshold friction velocities and rupture moduli for crusted desert soils for the input of soil particles into the air

Cited by 215 publications

References 9 publications

Long-Term Efficiencies of Dust Suppressants to Reduce PM₁₀ Emissions from Unpaved Roads

Long-Term Efficiencies of Dust Suppressants to Reduce PM₁₀ Emissions from Unpaved Roads

Variations in the size distribution of non‐sea‐salt sulfate aerosol in the marine boundary layer at Barbados: Impact of African dust

Alternative states of a semiarid grassland ecosystem: implications for ecosystem services

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Threshold friction velocities and rupture moduli for crusted desert soils for the input of soil particles into the air

Cited by 215 publications

References 9 publications

Long-Term Efficiencies of Dust Suppressants to Reduce PM10 Emissions from Unpaved Roads

Long-Term Efficiencies of Dust Suppressants to Reduce PM10 Emissions from Unpaved Roads

Variations in the size distribution of non‐sea‐salt sulfate aerosol in the marine boundary layer at Barbados: Impact of African dust

Alternative states of a semiarid grassland ecosystem: implications for ecosystem services

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Product

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Long-Term Efficiencies of Dust Suppressants to Reduce PM₁₀ Emissions from Unpaved Roads

Long-Term Efficiencies of Dust Suppressants to Reduce PM₁₀ Emissions from Unpaved Roads