Thrombin-sensitive photodynamic agents: A novel strategy for selective synovectomy in rheumatoid arthritis

Thrombin-sensitive dual fluorescence imaging and therapeutic agent for detection and treatment of synovial inflammation in murine rheumatoid arthritis

“…Activation of the prodrug after exposure to thrombin induced a strong increase in fluorescence emission and ROS production in vitro. Furthermore, we showed EPR mediated passive accumulation of the macromolecular prodrug as well as selective proteolytic activation within the highly vascularized, inflamed joints after systemic administration [13].…”

“…Poly-D-lysine coated glass slides were provided by MatTek Corporation (Ashland, USA). T-PS was synthesized and purified as previously described [13].…”

Photodynamic therapy: illuminating the road from cell death towards anti-tumour immunity

“…Clinical improvement in patients with severe steroid-refractory GVHD [171,172] Clinical improvement in both acute and chronic GVHD patients with skin and visceral involvement [172][173][174][175] Psoriasis ALA-local irradiation No or very poor clinical efficacy in plaque psoriasis patients. Frequent occurrence of severe pain at the site of illumination [176,177] ALA-local irradiation Clinical improvement in patients with plaque psoriasis [178][179][180][181] ALA-local irradiation Mild to moderate improvement in patients with palmoplantar pustular psoriasis [182] Methylene blue-local irradiation Complete response in patients with resistant plaque psoriatic lesions [183] Methyl-ALA-local irradiation No superior results of PDT in the treatment of nail psoriasis comparing with pulse dye laser light exposure in patients [184] Psoriatic arthritis BPD-MA-half or total body irradiation with UVA Safe and well-tolerated treatment, alleviation of the disease and significant pain reduction in 5 out of 17 patients [185] Rheumatoid arthritis m-THPC-local irradiation A potent method of synovectomy in a rat model [186] Polymeric photosensitiser prodrug targeting thrombin-local irradiation Selective and minimally invasive synovectomy in mice, promising results in primary human synoviocytes in vitro [187] m-THPC-local irradiation Significant reduction of arthritic score in mice [188] BPD-MA-PDT-local irradiation Selective destruction of synovium in an antigeninduced arthritis in rabbits [189] BPD-MA-PDT-total body irradiation Alleviation of signs of Freund's complete adjuvant-induced arthritis in mice [190] Scleroderma Topical ALA-local irradiation Good therapeutic response in PUVA-resistant patients, no carcinogenic potential compared with PUVA [191][192][193] ATX-S10(Na)-PDT Enhanced modulation of dermal matrix components compared with ALA-PDT in vitro. [194] Alopecia areata Topical ALA-local irradiation An ineffective approach in AA.…”

Oxygen and indocyanine green loaded phase-transition nanoparticle-mediated photo-sonodynamic cytotoxic effects on rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes

“…7 It has been proposed and experimentally studied as a new RA synovectomy modality in the last few years. [8][9][10] However, limited penetrating ability of light is one of the reasons hampering further study of PDT-mediated therapeutic effect on RA. Compared with the light used in PDT, ultrasound has better penetrability, which can easily act on the lesion at a deep site.…”