Thromboembolic complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Fibrinolytic and coagulation pathways after laparoscopic and open surgery: a prospective randomized trial

“…The risk of developing deep venous thrombosis after open surgery can be as high as 40-80%, while the incidence of fatal pulmonary embolism is 1-5% [1,12]. Laparoscopic surgery is associated with a lesser degree of thromboembolic complications despite pneumoperitoneum which, by reducing venous inflow towards the heart, promotes venous stasis of the legs and predisposes to deep venous thrombosis [4,13].…”

Videolaparoscopic cholecystectomy induces a hemostasis activation of lower grade than does open surgery

“…Laparoscopic surgery may be considered a low-risk procedure for postoperative venous thromboembolism because it is minimally invasive and permits early deambulation. However, during laparoscopic cholecystectomy, some specific mechanisms lead to venous stasis in the legs, which could facilitate postoperative deep-vein thrombosis [1,8].…”

“…It has been claimed that laparoscopic techniques result in more rapid patient recovery, earlier discharge from the hospital [13,22], and a reduced risk of postsurgical thrombosis [2,3,8,10]. Hormonal, metabolic, and inflammatory responses after open and laparoscopic cholecystectomy are well documented [9,15].…”

Lower-extremity venous stasis during laparoscopic cholecystectomy as assessed using color Doppler ultrasound

“…This incidence is much higher than that of pulmonary embolism (0.2 persons per 1,000 population) secondary to diagnostic laparoscopy for gynecological purposes. Based on these results, Jorgensen et al speculate that the reverse Trendelenburg position also promotes stasis of the femoral vein [6].…”