“…They highlight several direct risks and adverse outcomes of oral piercing. These can affect the oral mucosa, gums and teeth (Price and Lewis, 1997; De Moor et al , 2000; Campbell et al , 2002; Shacham et al , 2003; Kieser et al , 2005; Leichter and Monteith, 2006; Lopez‐Jornet et al , 2006; Garcia‐Pola et al , 2008; Slutzkey and Levin, 2008), or cause allergy (Kerosuo et al , 1996), endocarditis (Akhondi and Rahimi, 2002; Dubose and Pratt, 2004; Kloppenburg and Maessen, 2007), thrombophlebitis (Nicolas et al , 2007) and other infective diseases (Garcia‐Pola et al , 2008), or even death (Cremonese, 2003). Histopathological studies on tissues surrounding oral piercing are not, to our knowledge, present in the literature, as a biopsy cannot usually be performed for ethical reasons.…”