“…These techniques include photothermal microscopy for high-resolution imaging of temperature variations, photothermal spectroscopy for assessing optical absorption and thermal properties, photothermal radiometry for measuring infrared emission and thermal parameters, photothermal deflection spectroscopy for monitoring deflections induced by thermal expansion, photothermal optical coherence tomography for subsurface thermal imaging, and photothermal therapy for targeted medical treatments [12,14,19]. These techniques play a vital role in materials science, biology, medicine, and environmental monitoring, providing valuable insights into thermal properties, imaging, spectroscopy, and therapeutic applications [13,17,20,21]. Among these PT techniques, the present work employed the photothermal beam deflection technique (BDS) to investigate the TD of the samples.…”