Thyme oxymel by improving of inflammation, oxidative stress, dyslipidemia and homeostasis of some trace elements ameliorates obesity induced by high-fructose/fat diet in male rat

The combination of ginger powder and zinc supplement improves the fructose‐induced metabolic syndrome in rats by modulating the hepatic expression of NF‐κB, mTORC1, PPAR‐α SREBP‐1c, and Nrf2

“…While treatment with ginger and zinc supplements separately and in combination with each other in different doses significantly could improve these conditions. Our results were consistent with previous studies (Moreno‐Fernández et al., 2018; Nimrouzi et al., 2020; Zilu et al., 2019). Increased BW can be associated with increased adipose tissue mass, which has been reported in many studies.…”

“…In fact, plasma and hepatic elevated levels of TG, TC, and LDL may be due to a decrease in the activity of hormone‐sensitive lipase and lipoprotein lipase and down‐regulate the number of LDL receptor receptors (Dong et al., 2015; Jarukamjorn et al., 2016). Moreover, it was reported that the hepatic expression of the transcription factors involved in metabolism and cell redox status such as NF‐κB, Nrf‐2, PPAR‐γ, PPAR‐α, and SREBP‐1c can be changed by fructose and high‐fat diet (HFD) (Illesca et al., 2019; Moreno‐Fernández et al., 2018; Nimrouzi et al., 2020; Nimrouzi et al., 2020). In line with these reports, our results showed that the expression of Nrf‐2 and PPAR‐α was downregulated and the expression of SREBP‐1c and NF‐κB was upregulated by fructose.…”

“…Moreover, the hepatic expression of some of the transcription factors involved in metabolism and cell redox status such as nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2), nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐kB) and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α or γ (PPAR‐α or γ) and sterol regulatory element‐binding transcription factor 1 (SREBP‐1c) (Illesca et al., 2019; Moreno‐Fernández et al., 2018; Nimrouzi et al., 2020; Nimrouzi et al., 2020). Nrf2, NF‐kB, mTORC1, SREBP‐1c, and PPAR‐α/γ are the main transcription factors that control oxidative stress, inflammation, autophagy and glucose, and lipid metabolism, respectively, which are involved in the pathogenesis of many disorders including obesity, DM, and MS (Nimrouzi et al., 2020; Sahin et al., 2019). Autophagy is a highly conserved intracellular degradation pathway for extra intracellular proteins and fats, damaged organelles, and pathogens (Liuzzi et al., 2014).…”

Relationship of Inflammatory Markers and Metabolic Syndrome in Postmenopausal Women

“…Elevated body mass index, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, besides the hormonal modifications observed in postmenopause, are associated with increasing white adipose tissue. These metabolic alterations are related to increased release of inflammatory markers leading to a low-grade inflammatory state promoted by augmented serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α and reduction in IL-10 [26][27][28][29][30]34]. A chronic low-grade inflammatory state is evident in postmenopause women, and controlling this condition can be relevant for the prevention of the most common diseases in women [35].…”

“…The ovarian dysfunction in postmenopause may contribute to the increase of proinflammatory cytokines. Some, such as TNF-α, seem to aggravate hypertension associated with hyperglycemia, visceral obesity, and dyslipidemia to configure the MS scenario [24][25][26][27][28][29][30].…”