Background
The thymus is the main lymphoid organ that regulates the functions of the immune system, protecting against pathogens, tumors, antigens, and mediators of tissue damage. It produces a family of hormone-like peptides that can modulate physiological processes such as stimulation or suppression of immune responses, angiogenesis, and wound healing.
Objective
This review aims to comprehensively characterize the properties of thymic peptides and their clinical applications.
Methodology
This article discusses the structure, biological properties, mechanism of action, and therapeutic applications of the most important thymic hormones (thymosin alpha 1, thymosin beta-4, thymulin, and thymopoietin), as well as preparations that are purified thymic extracts.
Results
Thymic peptides and extracts act in multiple manners on the immune system: they stimulate the differentiation and maturation of T cells, regulate the activity of natural killer cells and dendritic cells, and induce the release of proinflammatory cytokines, and their immunomodulatory effects have been confirmed in numerous clinical studies. An important feature of thymus preparations is their therapeutic safety—even long-term use does not cause side effects.
Conclusions
A wide range of therapeutic uses, i.e., from defensive and immunomodulatory tasks to participation in tissue regeneration processes, has led to the use of thymic peptides in the treatment of neoplastic diseases, viral infections, autoimmune diseases or immunodeficiencies. Further investigation of the mechanisms of action of thymic peptides may contribute to the discovery of new therapeutic targets.