Thyroid Physiology

Stathatos, Nikolaos

doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2012.01.007

Cited by 61 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Under normal conditions, 90% of the hormone secreted by the thyroid gland is in the form of T4 and the other 10% is T3 [82]. Most of the thyroid hormone circulates bound to serum proteins, only 0.3% of T3 and 0.03% of T4 are free in solution [83] [84].…”

Section: Thyroid Hormone Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…J. Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery TBPA) is present in both serum and cerebrospinal fluid and has a somewhat lower affinity than TBG; serum albumin has a rather low affinity for thyroid hormone but is present is large amounts in serum [84] [85]. The carrier proteins serve both as a stable reservoir of extrathyroidal thyroid hormones and as a safe guard for the very hydrophobic free hormone from its aqueous environment [82] [84] [85]. As a consequence of this method of distribution and buffering, T4 has longest halve life of any hormone (6 to 7 days), and its serum concentration of 0.1 μM is second only to cortisol [85].…”

Section: Thyroid Hormone Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Circulating free T4 and T3 can be taken up by peripheral cells at any time, and both T4 and T3 can swiftly detach from their carrier proteins to increase the availability of free hormone when necessary [82] [85]. The entry of free T4 or T3 into target cells is mediated by a variety of plasma membrane transporters, including the aforesaid monocarboxylate transporters (including MCT 8 and MCT 10) and OATP1C1, as well as the Na+ taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide, the L type amino acid transporters (LAT1 and LAT2), and fatty acid translocase [80] [81].…”

Section: Mechanism Of Thyroid Hormone Actionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Comprehensive Review of Thyroid Embryology, Anatomy, Histology, and Physiology for Surgeons

Arrangoiz¹,

Cordera²,

Caba³

et al. 2018

IJOHNS

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Emil Theodor Kocher and Theodor Billroth pioneered the surgical management of thyroid disease. Their surgical techniques, knowledge of thyroid anatomy, embryology, histology, physiology, and antisepsis practices transitioned a life-threatening operation to one with acceptable morbidity. The modern head and neck surgeon should have a meticulous surgical technique, combined with a thorough understanding of thyroid embryology and anatomy that is central to the understanding and treatment of the different disease processes of the thyroid gland and the consequences of thyroid gland surgery. In this manuscript we will be examining thyroid gland embryology, anatomy, histology, and physiology that is essential to the practicing thyroid surgeon.

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Section: Thyroid Hormone Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Thyroid Hormone Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mechanism Of Thyroid Hormone Actionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Comprehensive Review of Thyroid Embryology, Anatomy, Histology, and Physiology for Surgeons

Arrangoiz¹,

Cordera²,

Caba³

et al. 2018

IJOHNS

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show abstract

“…Both TRH and TSH secretion are negatively regulated by THs (thyroxine: T 4 ; triiodothyronine: T 3 ). [18][19][20] Overall, TH synthesis and secretion are controlled under a negative feedback system, which maintains physiological concentrations of TH. It is therefore suggested that suppression of TSH production results in hypothyroidism.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

<i>In Vivo</i> Evaluation of 1-Benzyl-4-aminoindole-Based Thyroid Hormone Receptor β Agonists: Importance of Liver Selectivity in Drug Discovery

Takahashi

Asano²,

Maeda

et al. 2014

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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We recently reported that the novel thyroid hormone receptor β (TRβ) selective agonists SKL-12846 and SKL-13784 reduce blood cholesterol levels without affecting thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in cholesterol-fed rats. Our aim in this study was to elucidate what sets apart these SKL-compounds as TRβ agonists with no effect on TSH. To this end, we determined SKL-compounds pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution in normal rats and compared them to those of GC-1, a liver-selective TRβ agonist with concomitant effect on TSH. The present study explains why SKL-12846 and SKL-13784 have beneficial effects on lowering lipids without affecting heart rate and TSH production at the therapeutic dose in cholesterol-fed rats. In addition, we found that SKL-13784 shows no sign of escape phenomenon in fructose-fed rats. These results demonstrate the advantages of extremely high liver specificity to TRβ agonists. However, SKL-13784 has been found significantly to reduce endogenous T 4 levels at doses lower than its lipid-lowering dose, which may raise concerns over this compound's ability to alter thyroid hormone metabolism in the liver. While the mechanism by which SKL-13784 reduces endogenous T 4 levels is still unclear, our results would help design better liver-selective TRβ modulators.Key words thyroid hormone receptor β; thyroid stimulating hormone; lipid-lowering effect; GC-1 Thyroid hormones (THs) are known to influence all major metabolic pathways including growth, development, and lipids metabolism. The involvement of THs in lipids metabolism was first reported in 1930, 1) and since then, accumulating evidence has shown that THs lower cholesterol levels in patients with hypercholesterolemia.2-4) TH synthesis and secretion are strictly regulated by the hypothalamic/pituitary/thyroid (HPT) axis, and their physiological action is modulated via two homologous TH receptors, TRα and TRβ, which belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors.5) Because TH receptors are ubiquitously expressed in humans, plasma levels of circulating TH affect various physiological pathways and are associated with a number of pathological states such as hyperthyroidism, which is characterized by decreased serum cholesterol and triacylglycerides (TG) levels, body weight loss, tachycardia, palpitation, muscle wasting, and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. 6)Both academia and industry are making numerous efforts to separate TH beneficial effects such as cholesterol lowering and body weight loss from their other hormonal functions.3,7-10) Studies in TR-mutant mice suggest that TRβ is responsible for the cholesterol-lowering effect of TH.11-13) In addition, TRβ is predominantly expressed in the liver, where it accounts for approximately 80% of T 3 -binding TRs. 14)Therefore a number of liver-selective TRβ agonists have been developed. Among them, GC-1 (Fig. 1) and KB2115 showed promising clinical trial results, but never reached the market probably due to undesirable side effects.10) Considering their drawb...

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“…These thyroid hormones control growth, differentiation, regulation of metabolism and other physiological functions in the human body (3). Under normal conditions, thyroid gland output is about 90% of T 4 and 10% T 3 (4).…”

Section: …………………………………………………………………………………………………… Introduction:-mentioning

confidence: 99%

An Investigation Into the Polymorphism of Tpo Gene and Its Association With Hypothyroidism in Kashmiri Population.

Mir¹,

Ganai²,

Masoodi³

et al. 2017

IJAR

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Thyroid Physiology

Cited by 61 publications

References 42 publications

Comprehensive Review of Thyroid Embryology, Anatomy, Histology, and Physiology for Surgeons

Comprehensive Review of Thyroid Embryology, Anatomy, Histology, and Physiology for Surgeons

<i>In Vivo</i> Evaluation of 1-Benzyl-4-aminoindole-Based Thyroid Hormone Receptor β Agonists: Importance of Liver Selectivity in Drug Discovery

An Investigation Into the Polymorphism of Tpo Gene and Its Association With Hypothyroidism in Kashmiri Population.

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