Tick Paralysis in South Australia

Roberts, Fleur

doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1961.tb03832.x

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Studies of I. myrmecobii should be undertaken to determine if this species can induce paralysis. Roberts [ 30 ] and Kemp [ 31 ] noted that I. hirsti has been recorded to cause paralysis. Kemp [ 31 ] also proposed that all sternalixodid ticks may be capable of causing paralysis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic analysis of the Australasian paralysis ticks and their relatives (Ixodidae: Ixodes: Sternalixodes)

et al. 2017

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BackgroundThe Australasian paralysis ticks and their relatives, Ixodes Latrielle, subgenus Sternalixodes Schulze, are some of the most important ticks in the region. However, very little is known about their phylogenetic relationships. The aim of this study was to elucidate the evolutionary relationships of members of the subgenus Sternalixodes by undertaking phylogenetic analyses of morphological and molecular datasets.MethodsAdult females (n = 64) of Sternalixodes, including Ixodes anatis Chilton, 1904, Ixodes confusus Roberts, 1960, Ixodes cornuatus Roberts, 1960, Ixodes cordifer Neumann, 1908, Ixodes dendrolagi Wilson, 1967, Ixodes hirsti Hassall, 1931, Ixodes holocyclus Neumann, 1899, Ixodes myrmecobii Roberts, 1962 and Ixodes trichosuri Roberts, 1960, were examined morphologically. Subsequently, these Ixodes spp. were genetically characterised using cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene and the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS-2) of the rRNA. Both morphological and molecular datasets were analysed using various phylogenetic methods to assess the evolutionary relationship of various members of the subgenus Sternalixodes.ResultsPhylogenetic analyses of the cox1 sequences and morphological characters datasets revealed that the Australian and Papuan Sternalixodes formed a distinct clade with the New Zealand member of the group I. anatis positioned basally, in a separate clade. Ixodes holocyclus, I. cornuatus and I. myrmecobii formed a distinctive clade in both the cox1 and morphological phylogenies. However, based on phylogenetic analysis of the ITS-2 data, I. holocyclus formed a separate clade whereas I. cornuatus and I. myrmecobii grouped in a different clade.ConclusionsThe cox1 and morphological data suggest that the subgenus Sternalixodes is paraphyletic, and I. anatis is not a sternalixodid tick; hence, it should not be included in the subgenus. Based on the phylogenetic analyses of cox1 and ITS-2 sequences, it appears that I. myrmecobii and I. cornuatus are not subspecies of I. holocyclus. Although this study provided better insights into the taxonomic status of the subgenus Sternalixodes, a complete morphological and molecular (using multiple markers) phylogenetic analysis including all members of the subgenus would be required to more accurately elucidate the evolutionary relationships within the subgenus.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic analysis of the Australasian paralysis ticks and their relatives (Ixodidae: Ixodes: Sternalixodes)

et al. 2017

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“…Tick toxicity in Australia is usually caused by the hard-bodied tick, Ixodes holocyclus , indigenous to the eastern coastline from northern Queensland to Victoria (Ilkiw 1983, Prescott 1984). Ixodes hirsti and Ixodes cornuatus have also been implicated in feline intoxications (Roberts 1961, Mason et al 1974). Although an estimated 20,000 domestic animals are affected by this tick annually in Australia (Stone 1988), the prevalence of this syndrome in cats is not known.…”

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confidence: 99%

Tick toxicity in cats caused by Ixodes species in Australia: a review of published literature

Schull

Litster

Atwell

2007

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery

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Tick toxicity in cats caused by Ixodes holocyclus and related species is a common medical condition on the east coast of Australia. Intoxication typically causes a flaccid ascending neuromuscular paralysis and clinical signs can include anxiety, dysphonia, hind limb weakness and/or ataxia, pupillary dilation, respiratory signs and possible bladder voiding dysfunction. Diagnosis is made with a combination of appropriate clinical signs and visualisation of tick(s) on a thorough body search. Cases are classified clinically using a scoring system, which grades neuromuscular weakness and respiratory compromise. The mainstays of treatment are tick removal, administration of tick antitoxin serum and intensive supportive care. Given a prompt and appropriate management regimen, prognosis is good, according to available literature. Most of the literature concerning tick toxicity in cats is anecdotal in nature and an evidence-based review of what is known of this condition has not previously been published.

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“…This was a challenge for a number of reasons, not the least of which was that there were no exemplars presented within the literature to guide my analysis. Indeed, as noted by Roberts and Taylor (1998), “many of the so-called phenomenological methods leave prospective researchers wondering just what to do” (p. 109), and as asserted by Lawler (1998), “One of the great dramas …is making the transition from philosophy to methodology to design and the selection of data collection methods” (p. 109). Further, as Caelli (2001) says researchers “must look long and hard to find materials to assist them in developing their research plans” (p. 273).…”

Section: The Methods Of Data Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, although Grbich's (1999) text is devoted to qualitative research, and identifies that there are “four ideal modes of analytical procedures that can be generated” (p. 222), little information is given on how to use these modes in the process of data analysis. Additionally, although numerous texts have chapters devoted to qualitative data analysis, many of these texts limit discussion to methodologies advanced by authors such as Spiegelberg (1971), Van Kaam (1996), Giorgi (1970), Colaizzi (1978), and van Manen (1997), whose methods ultimately specify pathways of thematic analysis; or they advocate for grounded theory analysis (Roberts & Taylor, 1998; DePoy & Gitlin, 1994; Talbot, 1995). Others discuss qualitative data analysis in a superficial or cursory way, giving little insight into how to undertake data analysis (Nieswiadomy, 1993).…”

Section: The Methods Of Data Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Horizons Revealed: From Methodology to Method

Turner

2003

International Journal of Qualitative Methods

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In this article, the author reports on a method crafted to interrogate the data of a Gadamerian hermeneutic phenomenological study that explored hope seen through the eyes of a small number of Australian youth. She advocates for transparency throughout data analysis, by commencing with an explication of Gadamerian hermeneutic phenomenology, followed by a description of the manner by which the data were interrogated. It is a basic premise of this work that all too often authors have adopted thematic analysis uncritically, and have used this method of analysis without considering its fit to the philosophical or methodological orientation of the study, and this practice has remained, by and large, unchallenged. While not advocating against thematic analysis per se, the author disputes that this analytical method is appropriate for studies that are grounded by the philosophical underpinnings of Gadamerian hermeneutic phenomenology, and therefore offers a unique method of data analysis.

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Tick Paralysis in South Australia

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Phylogenetic analysis of the Australasian paralysis ticks and their relatives (Ixodidae: Ixodes: Sternalixodes)

Phylogenetic analysis of the Australasian paralysis ticks and their relatives (Ixodidae: Ixodes: Sternalixodes)

Tick toxicity in cats caused by Ixodes species in Australia: a review of published literature

Horizons Revealed: From Methodology to Method

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