Tidal circulation patterns in Precambrian, Paleozoic, and Cretaceous epeiric and mioclinal shelf seas

Klein, George; Ryer, Thomas A.

doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1978)89<1050:tcpipp>2.0.co;2

Cited by 62 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…The major paleocurrent modes in the Palms are parallel to the probable shoreline, whether or not an embayment was present, as discussed in the introduction. This relationship has been noted commonly in modern tidal environments (e.g., Evans, 1965, in the Wash of England; Klein, 1968, in the Minas Basin of Nova Scotia) and in studies of ancient tidal environments (e.g., Tankard and Hobday, 1977, in the Ordovician of South Africa; and Klein and Ryer, 1978, for various aged rocks). Klein (1977b) emphasized that this parallelism is the general case and is consistent with a tidal basin circulation model.…”

Section: Paleoenvironmental Interpretation Of the Palms Formation Andmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Klein (1971a; noted that paleotidal ranges are best documented on coastlines characterized by moderate to rapid rates of progradation; the opposite situation, one of a major transgression, apparently dominated during Palms and Pokegama sedimentation. Minor progradations, however, are indicated within the rock column by fining-upward sequence, and at one locality a finingupward sequence of shale to sandstone may suggest a possible paleotidal range of 7.5 m. In general, the lack of evidence for a large paleotidal range suggests that the tidally-influenced shelves were narrow (Klein, 1977a;Klein and Ryer, 1978), although Komar (1976) noted that shelf width and tidal range along embayed coasts may not be directly related.…”

Section: Paleoenvironmental Interpretation Of the Palms Formation Andmentioning

confidence: 92%

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Tidal deposits in the early Proterozoic basin of the Lake Superior region—The Palms and the Pokegama Formations: Evidence for subtidal-shelf deposition of Superior-type banded iron-formation

Ojakangas¹

1983

Early Proterozoic Geology of the Great Lakes Region

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The Palms Formation in Wisconsin and Michigan and the correlative Pokegama Quartzite in Minnesota are interpreted as tidal deposits formed along the margins of the early Proterozoic Animikie basin.The well-exposed Palms Formation, which extends for 85 km along the Gogebic range, is 150 m thick and can be divided into three units on the basis of rock types and bedding styles: (1) a thin lower unit of thin-bedded argillaceous rocks that unconformably overlies a low-relief surface of Archean granite and greenstone and older Proterozoic sedimentary units; (2) a thick middle unit of thin alternating beds of argillite, siltstone, and sandstone that vary considerably in texture and composition. Bedding types include parallel, wavy, cross, and flaser lamination, and a variety of sedimentary structures are present; (3) an upper unit of thicker beds of parallel and cross-bedded sandstone.A total of 199 cross-bedding measurements and 52 measurements of other paleocurrent indicators from the Palms Formation yields a crude bimodal-bipolar distribution, with a broad primary mode to the west and a weaker mode to the east. The sandstones are mineralogically mature; most of the framework grains are rounded quartz grains. The sandstones of the middle unit have an abundant sericitic matrix, whereas those of the upper unit are texturally more mature.The Pokegama Quartzite is exposed at only a few places along the 130 km long Mesabi range near the northwestern margin of the Animikie basin. However, the entire formation can be viewed in two drill cores in which it is 50 m and 26 m thick. Sedimentary sequences and the mineralogical attributes are similar to the Palms. The paleocurrent plot (N = 38) is crudely bimodal-bipolar with primary modes to the north and south. By utilization of Walther's Law of Succession of Facies and comparisons with modern environments, it is postulable that both formations were deposited under transgressive tidal conditions. In this model, the lower (shaly) facies was deposited ina low-energy domain of the upper (shoreward) tidal flat; the middle facies (shalesiltstone-sandstone) was deposited on a middle tidal flat under alternating low-and high-energy conditions; and the upper facies (sandstone) was deposited in a lower tidal flat or subtidal high-energy environment. 49 on June 11, 2015 memoirs.gsapubs.org Downloaded from 50 R. W. OjakangasThe Palms and Pokegama formations pass upward into the Ironwood and Biwabik Iron Formations, respectively. Again using Walther's Law, it can be postulated that the iron-formations were deposited on a shelf located seaward from the subtidal sandstone facies. The "cherty" (coarser-grained, thicker-bedded, iron oxidechert) facies was deposited in shallower water than was the "slaty" (finer-grained, thinner-bedded, iron silicate-iron carbonate) facies.The tidal-subtidal facies model developed here provides an independent approach in evaluating the environment of deposition of one kind of Superior-type banded iron-formation. The model is primarily based upon the siliciclastic...

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Section: Paleoenvironmental Interpretation Of the Palms Formation Andmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Paleoenvironmental Interpretation Of the Palms Formation Andmentioning

confidence: 92%

Tidal deposits in the early Proterozoic basin of the Lake Superior region—The Palms and the Pokegama Formations: Evidence for subtidal-shelf deposition of Superior-type banded iron-formation

Ojakangas¹

1983

Early Proterozoic Geology of the Great Lakes Region

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“…7c) suggests that some of the sands were deposited by tidal processes (cf. Klein & Ryder 1978). Similar lithofacies are figured from other cratonic sandstones interpreted to be of tidal origin (Button & Vos 1977;Tankard & Hobday 1977;Long & Copper 1987).…”

Section: Interpretation the Presence Of Herringbone (Bidirectional)mentioning

confidence: 96%

A composite tectonic–eustatic origin for shelf sandstones at the Cambrian–Ordovician boundary in North Greenland

Bryant

Smith

1990

JGS

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Shelf sandstones deposited at the Cambrian-Ordovician boundary in central and western North Greenland have a sheet-like large-scale geometry, and extend for over 300 km along strike within a shallow marine, carbonate-dominated, platform sequence. Conodont faunas from units above and below the most extensive sand sheet, the Kap Coppinger Member of the Cass Fjord Formation and the Permin Land Formation, indicate that deposition of the sands spanned the proauus, intermedius and lindstromi conodont biozones. Sand was derived by reworking of older, quartzitedominated formations following the uplift and unroofing of a platform bulge to the east. During the Cambrian, this sediment was transported northwards from the uplifted area across an unstable platform into a deep-water trough. However, during sea-level lowstands within the CambrianOrdovician boundary interval this clastic material was deflected westwards and transported across the stable platform by progradation of tide-and storm-dominated shorelines. Facies sequences in the thickest part of the Permin Land Formation suggest at least three such regressive cycles combined to form a composite sand body. Each regressive cycle comprises a shallowing upward transition from tide-and storm-deposited marine sediments to clean sandstones of marine or terrestrial origin. The cycles are separated by thin but laterally extensive dolomites interpreted to represent drowning events. Thinner sequences further to the east are attributed to reduced accommodation space as a consequence of lower subsidence rates close to the uplifted source area, whilst thin sequences in the west are ascribed to the effect of increasing distance from the sediment source so that only the youngest of the three regressive cycles is present.

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“…Pratt and James (1992) and Willis and Gabel (2003) stated that tides would be damped only if there is sufficient sea floor rugosity. Klein and Ryder (1978) showed that tidal range increases with the width of the shelf to postulate that epeiric seas would have been subjected to tidal regimes. Based on a series of computational models, Mitchel (2011) demonstrated that epeiric seas had tides that were capable of affecting sediment transport.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Epeiric seas, according to Klein (1978), Shaw (1964), Gerhard (1982), (Flügel, 2004), and others are characterized by the following:…”

Section: The Epeiric Seamentioning

confidence: 99%

Stratigraphy and Petroleum Potential of the Upper Three Forks Formation, North Dakota, Williston Basin USA.

Gutierrez

Sonnenberg

2013

Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, Denver, Colorado, 12-14 August 2013

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The Three Forks Formation is an important hydrocarbon reservoir in the Williston Basin, North Dakota. High production rates associated with new drilling and completion techniques has created interest in this formation. Core data have increased an understanding of depositional environments, facies distribution, and other parameters that impact reservoir quality.Six cores were described in detail and additional 23 wells were evaluated to propose a depositional model for the Three Forks Formation.The upper Devonian Three Forks Formation was deposited on a shallow and extensive epeiric platform. During the late Devonian, an arid climate and sea level changes controlled deposition across a storm and tidal-dominated, evaporitic platform. Stacked cyclic patterns are evident in cores as well as logs, especially the gamma ray.The Three Forks Formation is a mud-dominated system composed of dolomitic siltstones, claystone, and mudstone. Dolomitic siltstones are tan-brown, while claystones and mudstones exhibit colors that range from gray-green to red. The reddish color is a product of erosion, weathering, and oxidation.Six facies were identified and described for the Three Forks Formation. Facies F and Porosity-permeability and irreducible oil-irreducible water saturation plots were also constructed using available core data. These showed the best reservoir quality in the Upper Three Forks.Digenesis was also examined using thin section analyses from a well that cored the entire Three Forks interval (EOG Liberty 2-11H). The Lower Three Forks has significantly more calcite and anhydrite cementation, oxidation, and anhydrite. Collectively, these components have a negative effect on reservoir quality. In the Middle and the Upper part of Three Forks, dolomitization affects reservoir quality in a positive way, enhancing both porosity and permeability.Mineralogy also affects reservoir quality. An increase in calcite decreases reservoir quality while an increase in dolomite is associated with better reservoir quality and higher production in the Upper Three Forks.Three Forks production is influenced by thermal maturity of the Bakken Formation. The up-dip thermal boundary of the petroleum system ties directly to thermal maturity of the Lower Bakken Shale.In summary, the reservoir quality in Three Forks Formation depends on the interplay of factors such as depositional environment, mineralogical composition, diagenetic processes, and factors affecting petroleum generation and entrapment. These have a profound impact on porosity, permeability, and productivity.

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Tidal circulation patterns in Precambrian, Paleozoic, and Cretaceous epeiric and mioclinal shelf seas

Cited by 62 publications

References 0 publications

Tidal deposits in the early Proterozoic basin of the Lake Superior region—The Palms and the Pokegama Formations: Evidence for subtidal-shelf deposition of Superior-type banded iron-formation

Tidal deposits in the early Proterozoic basin of the Lake Superior region—The Palms and the Pokegama Formations: Evidence for subtidal-shelf deposition of Superior-type banded iron-formation

A composite tectonic–eustatic origin for shelf sandstones at the Cambrian–Ordovician boundary in North Greenland

Stratigraphy and Petroleum Potential of the Upper Three Forks Formation, North Dakota, Williston Basin USA.

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