Time–action Profile of Inhaled Insulin

Neue Formen der Insulinapplikation

“…Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Insulin -unabhängig von der Applikationstechnik -nach der Inhalation rasch absorbiert wird. Die Zeit bis zur maximalen Insulinkonzentration ist mit inhalativem Insulin kürzer als mit subkutanem Normalinsulin [11,12,30] (5-60 vs. 60-180 min, . Abb.…”

Insulin-micro- and nanoparticles for pulmonary delivery

“…The relative bioavailability of aerosolized insulin compared to subcutaneous injected insulin is highly depending on the delivery device and ranges from 10% to 20% (Laube et al, 1998). The onset of action of inhaled insulin is significantly faster as compared to a subcutaneous injection (Heinemann et al, 1997).…”

The new diabetes inhalers: New tools for the clinician

“…These characteristics allow the absorption of insulin to be more enhanced across pulmonary mucosae compared with the absorption over either nasal or buccal surfaces. Studies that have assessed the uptake of pulmonary insulin demonstrate that this process is extremely rapid and that pulmonary uptake results in a very rapid peak in insulin levels (ie, after 15-20 minutes) [13,14].…”