Time Course and Characteristics of Astrocyte Activation in the Rat Brain after Injury

Abstract

ObjectiveAfter injury to the central nervous system (CNS), glial scar tissue is formed in the process of wound healing. This can be is a clinical problem because it interferes with axonal regeneration and functional recovery. It is known that intracellular proteins, including the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), nestin, and vimentin increase in the astrocytes after an injury to the CNS. By studying the time course and co-expression pattern of these intracellular proteins, this study will attempt to prove that these proteins are involved in the processes of glial scar formation.MethodsTwenty-five male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. Bregma of the cerebral cortex, an area was incised with a sharp blade, and perfusion was performed. The expressions of the intracellular proteins were assayed, while the co-localization of the intermediate filament (GFAP, nestin, and vimentin) and A2B5 were examined.ResultsAt 12 hours, the GFAP was expressed in the white matter underlying the lesion, and in the cerebral cortex. Nestin was expressed in the astrocytes in the perilesional area after 3 days, while A2B5 was observed in the edge of the wound at 12 hours post-injury, with its expression reaching a peak at 7 days. Vimentin was detected in the white matter at 12 hours, and in the cortex, reaching a peak at 7 days.ConclusionIn the processes of glial scar formation, nestin, vimentin, and A2B5 were revealed in the astrocytes, and these factors may be involved in the division, proliferation, and transportation of the astrocytes.

Infants who die in shared sleeping situations differ from those who die while sleeping alone

“…Projections from these brain areas are known to be key for postural adjustments, particularly of the head in response to movement (21), as well as the vestibulo-sympathetic reflexes, which regulate blood pressure, heart rate and respiration during postural adjustments (22). It is important to note that increases in GFAP staining occur over time, with the response peaking several days to two weeks following hypoxia or injury (23). Thus, similar to the b-APP findings, this suggests that alone versus cosleepers differ in key pathophysiological processes.…”

A connexin43/YAP axis regulates astroglial-mesenchymal transition in hemoglobin induced astrocyte activation

“…3Interactions between multiple cell populations in vivo can be difficult to detect in purified astrocyte cultures in vitro. (4) Although the increased expression of both GFAP and Vimentin was observed in several pathological models [44,45], the temporal and spatial expression was not studied in detail.…”

Improved Neural Regeneration with Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Inoculated PLGA Scaffolds in Spinal Cord Injury Adult Rats

“…An antecedent study had been conducted to substantiate GFAP as a specific cellular marker for differentiated astrocytes, which also happen to be the main components of the glial scar. The increased expression of GFAP in the neural cells encompassing the lesion area was a distinct morphological metamorphoses in the process of the glial scar formation [52]. Reactive astrocytes have been reported to engender a normal functional loss along with pathological effects that may feature prominently in a variety of disease processes [53].…”