Time-dependent synergism of five-component mixture systems of aminoglycoside antibiotics toVibrio qinghaiensissp.-Q67 induced by a key component

Abstract

There was time-dependent synergism in the five-component mixture systems of five antibiotics, which induced by STS.

Combined toxicity and adverse outcome pathways of common pesticides on Chlorella pyrenoidosa

“…3.1 Toxicity of single pesticides and mixtures to C. pyrenoidosa Some statistics and the negative logarithm of EC 50 (pEC 50 ) 29 of the ve pesticides are shown in Table 1. The CRCs of the ve pesticides were plotted in Fig.…”

“…The toxicity data of ve pesticides and their mixture rays concerning C. pyrenoidosa were obtained by the time-dependent microplate toxicity analysis (t-MTA). 28,29 The stock solutions of individual chemicals and mixtures were diluted to 12 different concentrations at suitable dilution factors that were obtained from preliminary experiments to construct the concentrationresponse curves (CRCs). 30 The 12 concentrations cover both very low and very high concentrations.…”

“…The destruction of algal cell morphology will inevitably lead to the death of algal cells. Morphological changes in algal cells were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 29 to determine the differences in C. pyrenoidosa aer exposure to pesticides, i.e., the response of the algal cell organ. This was the KE (key event) in the AOP framework.…”

Predicting the Time-Dependent Toxicities of Binary Mixtures of Five Antibiotics to Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 Based on the QSAR Model

“…subtilis), whereas, SA–TC and SAP–TC mixtures displayed antagonism . Moreover, the consideration of time-dependent toxicity is crucial, as antibiotic toxicity exhibits a characteristic time-related behavior. − The antibiotic sulfadiazine (SDZ) has been reported to show a significant increase in toxicity to soil bacteria over time when added to agricultural soils during a continuous exposure of 100 days, and five-antibiotic mixture systems exhibit obvious time-dependent synergism toxicity . However, the reason for the time-dependent toxicity of antibiotics has not yet been clearly explained and may be due to the metabolites of antibiotics, postantibiotic effect of antibiotics, and irreversible inhibition of enzymes of the organisms by antibiotics. , Therefore, it is essential to study the time-dependent toxicities of mixtures composed of antibiotics.…”

Preparation of freeze‐dried bioluminescent bacteria and their application in the detection of acute toxicity of bisphenol A and heavy metals

“…V . qinghaiensis Q67 is widely used for acute and mixture toxicity detection as it is the only freshwater‐isolated strain, and hence, there is no requirement to add high concentrations of NaCl to test the samples (Ma et al., 1999 ; Rodea‐Palomares et al., 2009 ; Wu et al., 2018 ; Xu et al., 2020 ; Xu et al., 2018 ; Zhang et al., 2018 , 2020 ), which is beneficial as high concentrations of NaCl are known to influence the toxicity of the contaminant (Ankley et al., 1989 ; Hinwood et al., 1987 ; Rodea‐Palomares et al., 2009 ).…”