Time of Day-Specific Changes in Metabolic Detoxification and Insecticide Tolerance in the House Fly, Musca domestica L.

Abstract

Both insects and mammals all exhibit a daily fluctuation of susceptibility to chemicals at different times of the day. However, this phenomenon has not been further studied in the house fly (Musca domestica L.) and a better understanding of the house fly on chronobiology should be useful for controlling this widespread disease vector. Here we explored diel time-of-day variations in insecticide susceptibility, enzyme activities, and xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme gene expressions. The house fly was most tolerant to beta-cypermethrin in the late photophase at Zeitgeber time (ZT) 8 and 12 [i.e., 8 and 12 h after light is present in the light-dark cycle (LD)]. The activities of cytochrome P450, GST, and CarE enzymes were determined in the house flies collected at various time, indicating that rhythms occur in P450 and CarE activities. Subsequently, we observed diel rhythmic expression levels of detoxifying genes, and CYP6D1 and MdαE7 displayed similar expression patterns with enzyme activities in LD conditions, respectively. No diel rhythm was observed for CYP6D3 expression. These data demonstrated a diel rhythm of metabolic detoxification enzymes and insecticide susceptibility in M. domestica. In the future, the time-of-day insecticide efficacy could be considered into the management of the house fly.

The P450-Monooxygenase Activity and CYP6D1 Expression in the Chlorfenapyr-Resistant Strain of Musca domestica L.

“…The house fly ( Musca domestica L. (Diptera:Muscidae)) is a highly mobile cosmopolitan species with significant sanitary importance in medicine and the veterinary field [ 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 ] due to its ability to transmit human and animal diseases and pathogens [ 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 ], including bacterial dysentery, cholera, shigellosis, avian influenza, salmonellosis [ 45 ], staphylococcus, enterococcus, escherichia coli, typhoid fever, tuberculosis, ophthalmia, anthrax, and others [ 53 ]. It is possible for house flies to spread antibiotic-resistant bacteria [ 51 ].…”

“…There are 146 P450 genes in the house fly genome [ 4 ], and CYP6D1 is among the best-characterized P450 genes involved in insecticide resistance in houseflies [ 48 , 54 ]. In M. domestica , CYP6D1 is mapped on autosome 1 [ 55 ].…”

Insect Resistance to Insecticides and Approaches to Its Identification

“…Historically, the use of chemicals has been practiced as the primary method of insect pests and ectoparasites control [1,2], and by far, the use of pesticides remains the most common way to control their population [3][4][5]. The use of pesticides in agriculture has increased over the past few decades with the continuous growth of global food production [6,7].…”