Time of Entry of Salmonella and Campylobacter into the Turkey Brooder House

Abstract

The prevalence of Campylobacter (>90%) and Salmonella (33%) in turkeys at slaughter has been estimated. This report describes studies to estimate the time of entry of Campylobacter and Salmonella into the brooder house, which is the first stage of commercial turkey production. In trial 1, birds (∼100 per time point) were monitored by conventional culture at three intervals (0, 9, and 16 days of age). Campylobacter spp. were not detected in poults at the day of hatch; Salmonella was isolated from the ceca (3.9%) and yolk sac (0.1%). By day 9, Salmonella were frequently isolated from the ceca (55%) and small intestine (45%) while Campylobacter was not cultured. By day 16, the prevalence of Salmonella in the ceca (21%) and small intestine (5.1%) had declined; Campylobacter was infrequently isolated from either the ceca (2%) or small intestine (3%). In trial 2, poults (50 per time point at 5, 20, and 33 days of age) were monitored for Campylobacter and Salmonella by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR); Salmonella was also monitored by conventional culture. Whereas Campylobacter was not detected by real-time PCR in the ceca of 5-day-old birds, it was detected on days 20 (92%) and 33 (90%). In contrast, Salmonella was isolated from young birds at days 5 (98%), 20 (98%), and 33 (98%), after which time the turkeys were moved to the finisher house. At slaughter at 138 days, Salmonella prevalence in the ceca had declined (4.5%) in contrast to the prevalence of Campylobacter (92%). Antimicrobial sensitivity profiles of the Salmonella isolates indicated an increase of sulfonamide-resistant isolates throughout the brooder stage. Genotyping by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis of Salmonella (45 isolates per sampling time) indicated fluctuating populations as the birds matured.

Elucidation of colonization time and prevalence of thermophilic Campylobacter species during turkey rearing using multiplex polymerase chain reaction

“…These data were supported by other studies showing that birds are not colonized at the time of eclosion and Campylobacter are rarely isolated from chicks younger than 14 d (Pokamunski et al, 1986;Gregory et al, 1997;Evans and Sayers, 2000;Hafez et al, 2001;Sahin et al, 2003;Wesley and Muraoka, 2011). During daily analysis of drinking water and feed samples, the first detection of Campylobacter DNA was successful in water at d 6 after restocking.…”

“…Consequently, it is of great importance to identify and assess the potential risks of infection along the production chain of turkey meat products (Atanassova et al, 2007). Previous studies showed that chicks were apparently not infected at the hatch, indicating that the young chicks became infected at the farm through the introduction of the organism via biotic and abiotic sources that may include drinking water, feed, litter, worker boots, wild animals, insects, and so on (Gregory et al, 1997;Wesley and Muraoka, 2011). In recent years, it has become evident that biofilms in drinking water pipe networks can become transient or long-term habitats for hygienically relevant microorganisms, including Campylobacter.…”

Detection of egg stains based on local texture feature clustering

“…The normal vector of the plane XOY is: n=(0, 0, 1). The cosine of the projection angle of the egg surface is: (10) Although the function expression of z=f(x, y) was unknown, the coordinates of each point on the surface had been calculated, therefore we can use finite differences to calculate the partial derivatives:…”

“…During the process of production, storage and transportation, eggs may be polluted by blood from a prolapsed cloaca, faecal, water stains, grease, oil stains, etc [8] . Dirt stains may exist in different types of pathogenic bacteria, such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus, which may cause serious foodborne illness [9,10] . Moreover, cross-contamination may occur in the process of transportation and storage of eggs.…”

Automatic Identification of Defects on Eggshell Through a Multispectral Vision System

“…An egg may be considered clean if it has only very small specks, stains, or cage marks-if such specks, stains, or cage marks are not of sufficient number or intensity to detract from the generally clean appearance of the egg (United States Department of Agriculture 2000). When an egg presents organic residuals on the surface, such as blood, feces, and yolk, this could contaminate other eggs and this could have negative economic consequences (since when assigning a quality designation to an individual egg, freedom from stains, from foreign material, and the presence of discolorations on the shell are considered) and could cause sanitary problems (because different types of harmful bacteria, e.g., Salmonella, Enterobacter, and Staphylococcus, could be deposited along with the dirt on the outside of an egg and they could penetrate into the shell) (Mor-Mur and Yuste 2010; Wesley and Muraoka 2011). In Europe, market regulations do not allow any egg washing process, as it happens in the USA.…”