Time Perception and Depressive Realism: Judgment Type, Psychophysical Functions and Bias

Kornbrot, Diana; Msetfi, Rachel M.; Grimwood, Melvyn J.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071585

Cited by 34 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…This further leads to a stronger effect on time perception. Similar phenomenon has also been observed by psychological studies [40]. However, our experiments involve only 24 participants, therefore this result may just be indicative yet inconclusive.…”

Section: Impact Of Tasks and Participantssupporting

confidence: 87%

Does Document Relevance Affect the Searcher's Perception of Time?

Luo

Liu

Sakai

et al. 2017

Proceedings of the Tenth ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining

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Time plays an essential role in multiple areas of Information Retrieval (IR) studies such as search evaluation, user behavior analysis, temporal search result ranking and query understanding. Especially, in search evaluation studies, time is usually adopted as a measure to quantify users' efforts in search processes. Psychological studies have reported that the time perception of human beings can be affected by many stimuli, such as attention and motivation, which are closely related to many cognitive factors in search. Considering the fact that users' search experiences are affected by their subjective feelings of time, rather than the objective time measured by timing devices, it is necessary to look into the different factors that have impacts on search users' perception of time. In this work, we make a first step towards revealing the time perception mechanism of search users with the following contributions: (1) We establish an experimental research framework to measure the subjective perception of time while reading documents in search scenario, which originates from but is also different from traditional time perception measurements in psychological studies. (2) With the framework, we show that while users are reading result documents, document relevance has small yet visible effect on search users' perception of time. By further examining the impact of other factors, we demonstrate that the effect on relevant documents can be also influenced by individuals and tasks. (3) We conduct a preliminary experiment in which the difference between perceived time and dwell time is taken into consideration in a search evaluation task. We found that the revised framework achieved a better correlation with users' satisfaction feedbacks. This work may help us better understand the time perception mechanism of search users and provide insights in how to better incorporate time factor in search evaluation studies.

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Section: Impact Of Tasks and Participantssupporting

confidence: 87%

Does Document Relevance Affect the Searcher's Perception of Time?

Luo

Liu

Sakai

et al. 2017

Proceedings of the Tenth ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining

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“…Empirical research provided inconsistent or contradictory findings, displaying both overestimation [93,94] and underestimation [95] of time intervals as well as normal performance [86] in patients with depression. Also, employing time production/reproduction tasks, contradictory findings have been provided [88,[91][92][93][94][95] .…”

Section: Vital Retardationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abnormal Time Experiences in Major Depression: An Empirical Qualitative Study

et al. 2016

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Background: Phenomenological psychopathology, through theoretical and idiographic studies, conceptualizes major depressive disorder (MDD) as a disorder of time experience. Investigations on abnormal time experience (ATE) in MDD adopting methodologies requested by the standards of empirical sciences are still lacking. Our study aimed to provide a qualitative analysis, on an empirical ground and on a large scale, of narratives of temporal experiences of persons affected by MDD. Methods: We interviewed 550 consecutive patients affected by affective and schizophrenic disorders. Clinical files were analysed by means of consensual qualitative research. Results: Out of 100 MDD patients, 96 reported at least 1 ATE. The principal categories of ATE are vital retardation - the experience of a stagnation of endogenous vital processes (37 patients), the experience of present and future dominated by the past (29 patients), and the experience of the slackening of the flow oftime (25 patients). A comparison with ATE in schizophrenia patients showed that in MDD, unlike in schizophrenia, there is no disarticulation of time experience (disorder of temporal synthesis) but rather a disorder of conation or inhibition of becoming. Limitations: The interview style was not meant to make a quantitative assessment (“false negatives” cannot be excluded). Conclusions: Our findings confirm the relevance of distinctive features of ATE in MDD, support the hypothesis of an intrinsic disordered temporal structure in depressive symptoms, and may have direct implications in clinical practice, especially in relation to differential diagnosis, setting the boundaries between “true” and milder forms of depression, and neurobiological research.

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“…As a result, participants in the Kornbrot et al(2013) study were on average only mildly depressed (BDI, M = 12.5) compared to the moderate-to-severely depressed participants in the Mundt, Richter, van Hees, and Stumpf (1998; BDI, M = 26.8), Oberfeld, Thönes, Palayoor, and Hecht (2014; BDI, M = 21.5), and Bschor et al (2004, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, M = 17.3) studies. It is arguable, therefore, that the sample is neither a homogenous group of clinically depressed individuals in itself, nor part of a homogenous set of clinical samples for meta-analysis.Perhaps due to inhomogenous samples, and as shown inTable 1, theTysk (1988) andKornbrot et al (2013) studies demonstrated effects opposite to the remaining four studies that showed depressive acceleration of productions in the 30 s WM range of mental presence. A replicated meta-analysis of the remaining four studies, using a classical random effects model and DerSimonian-Laird estimation technique in R, showed that the studies were not significantly heterogenous (Q(3) = 3.25, p = .35, Tau = .084, i 2 = 7.75%) and that the medium-sized acceleration effect was significant (Hedge's g = .55, 95% CI = .25 -.84, p = .0003).…”

mentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Perception and, in particular, time perception are known to be affected by depression (Bech, 1975;Dilling & Rabin, 1967;Hawkins, French, Crawford, & Enzle, 1988;Mezey & Cohen, 1961). While much research has centered on whether depressed individuals' ability to judge time is impaired (Bech, 1975;Bschor et al, 2004;Dilling & Rabin, 1967;Gallagher, 2012;Kornbrot, Msetfi, & Grimwood, 2013), strong evidence has been found that time is experienced as passing more slowly when depressed (Kitamura & Kumar, 1982;Stanghellini et al, 2017;Thönes & Oberfeld, 2015). This effect, known as depressive time dilation, is well-established and refers to a slowing of temporal flow in conscious experience (Thönes & Oberfeld, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…and viewed as a source of contradictory results. A heterogenous unipolar-bipolar group inTysk (1984) may have moderated any acceleration effect.Secondly, theKornbrot, Msetfi, and Grimwood (2013) study only partly satisfied the first meta-analytic criterion employed byThönes and Oberfeld (2015) to include "data from a group of depressive patients" (p. 362) because it also included an unspecified number of nonclinically depressed individuals with a Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) score as low as 7 (i.e., minimal depression) after median split. As a result, participants in the Kornbrot et al(2013) study were on average only mildly depressed (BDI, M = 12.5) compared to the moderate-to-severely depressed participants in the Mundt, Richter, van Hees, and Stumpf (1998; BDI, M = 26.8), Oberfeld, Thönes, Palayoor, and Hecht (2014; BDI, M = 21.5), and Bschor et al (2004, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, M = 17.3) studies.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Time Dilation and Acceleration in Depression

Kent¹,

Doorn²,

Klein³

2019

Preprint

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BackgroundA recent meta-analysis left open a significant question regarding altered time perception in depression: Why do depressed people overproduce short durations and under-produce longer durations if their present experience is that time flows slowly? Experience and judgement of time do not seem to accord with one another.AnalysisBy excluding two of the six studies on methodological grounds from a previous meta-analysis of medium-length interval productions, and re-analysing the remaining four studies, the present paper finds that subjective time accelerates from initial dilation within present experience (approximately 1 s duration) to subsequent acceleration within working memory (approximately 30 s duration) when depressed.ProposalsIt is proposed that depressive time dilation and acceleration refer to the default mode and central executive networks, respectively. The acceleration effect is suggested to occur due to mood congruency between long intervals, boredom, and depression. This mood congruency leads to the automatic recall of intrusive, negative, and non-specific autobiographical long-term memories used to judge intervals from previous experience. Acceleration in working memory then occurs according to the contextual change model of duration estimation.LimitationsThe meta-analysis is limited to four studies only, but provides a potential link between time experience and judgement within the same explanatory model.ConclusionsSimilarities between psychological time dilation/acceleration and physical time dilation/acceleration are discussed.

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Time Perception and Depressive Realism: Judgment Type, Psychophysical Functions and Bias

Cited by 34 publications

References 52 publications

Does Document Relevance Affect the Searcher's Perception of Time?

Does Document Relevance Affect the Searcher's Perception of Time?

Abnormal Time Experiences in Major Depression: An Empirical Qualitative Study

Time Dilation and Acceleration in Depression

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