Time Perception in Alcoholism; A Study of Interval Estimation and Temporal Orientation in Alcoholic Patients

Time perception and impulsivity: A proposed relationship in addictive disorders

“…This was demonstrated by tasks that measure time interval production and reproduction (Lawrence & Stanford, 1998). Impulsive symptoms are found in neurological disorders, such as in patients with orbito-frontal damage to the brain, whose high impulsivity levels are accompanied by overestimation of time intervals in the minutes' range, (Berlin et al, 2004) and in psychiatric disorders like ADHD (Gonzales-Garrido et al, 2008), as well as in addictive disorders (Aleksandrov, 2005;Atakan et al, on 2012;Cappon & Tyndel, 1967;Rau et al, 2006;Wittmann et al, 2007) (Fig…”

Time perception and alcohol use: A systematic review

“…Conversely, Cappon and Tyndel (1967) did not replicate such impaired time perception among 15 SAUD participants in comparison with 15 healthy controls. The experimenters used verbal estimation, production, and reproduction tasks, exploring durations of up to 35 min.…”

“…The possibility of an impaired temporal skill in SAUD is further supported by the increased variability observed among regular SAUD participants (Goudriaan et al, 2006) and cognitively impaired SAUD participants (Goldstone et al, 1977). However, most studies that explored time perception abilities in SAUD did not yield any significant results (Cangemi et al, 2010;Cappon & Tyndel, 1967;Goudriaan et al, 2006;Stoltenberg et al, 2011).…”

Time Integration Questionnaire

“…In order to achieve this aim, a number of instruments have been used in modern studies: Simple questions (“How old are you?”, “When have you been hospitalized?”), which reveal disorientation in psychotic patients regarding age, duration of illness, duration of hospitalization (Crow & Mitchell, 1975; Crow & Stevens, 1978; Ehrentheil & Jenney, 1960); Instruments with nonverbal material , such as drawn (Getsinger & Leon, 1979) or paper circles (Beiser & Hyman, 1997), which, through their relative size, indicate the degree of orientation toward the past, present, or future; a visual analog scale (Blewett, 1992) for the assessment of subjective experience of time speed; Unstructured interviews , aimed at measuring the phenomenological time experience of subjects (Walsh, 1997), a future autobiographical task (Cappon & Tyndel, 1967), or a request put to subjects to describe their personality in the past, present, and future, and as seen ideally (Fleeson & Heckhausen, 1997); Sentences and stories with open time meaning: Wallace Open Events Task, Wallace Story Completion Items (Davids & Parenti, 1958; Levine & Spivack, 1959; Wallace & Rabin, 1960); Time Awareness Test (Kitamura & Kumar, 1982), Sentence Completion Technique (Bouffard, Bastin, & Lapierre, 1996); Instruments composed of parts of questionnaires with another basic objective: 4 TAT stories (Dilling & Rabin, 1967; Emrick, 1970; Wohlford, 1966), Time Competence Scale, with 23 items overtaken from the Personal Orientation Inventory (Emrick, 1970); Questionnaires requiring verbalization of subjective experience of time speed: by three degrees – slow, medium, rapid (Bech, 1975) or by a seven-point scale taking into consideration additional variables – Personal Time Passage Questionnaire (Wyrick & Wyrick, 1977); Expected sequence arrangements of 10 sentences referring to future events (Dilling & Rabin, 1967); “When” model for expression of future events (Golding, Magliano, & Bagget, 1995); self-report indicators of time perspective and projective tests of time perspective (Lilienfeld, Hess, & Rowland, 1996); Instruments of higher degree of structure and/or specificity: Time Test (Lennings, 1996), Time Structure Questionnaire (Mudrack, 1997; Vodanovich & Seib, 1997), Time Metaphor Scale (Glicksohn & Ron-Avni, 1997), Time Experience Scale with six empiric factors (Mahon, Yarcheski, & Yarcheski, 1997), Present Concentration Inventory (Melges, Tinklenberg, Hollister, & Gillespie, 1971), Temporal Extension Inventory – Future (Melges, Tinklenberg, Hollister, & Gillespie, 1970), Temporal Extension Inventory – Past (Melges et al, 1971), Temporal Integration Inventory (Melges et al, 1970), Future Time Orienta...…”

“…Unstructured interviews , aimed at measuring the phenomenological time experience of subjects (Walsh, 1997), a future autobiographical task (Cappon & Tyndel, 1967), or a request put to subjects to describe their personality in the past, present, and future, and as seen ideally (Fleeson & Heckhausen, 1997);…”