Time-Resolved Nonlinear Coupling between Orthogonal Flexural Modes of a Pristine GaAs Nanowire

Cadeddu, Davide; Braakman, Floris; Tütüncüoǧlu, Gözde; Matteini, Federico; Rüffer, Daniel; Morral, Anna Fontcuberta i; Poggio, Martino

doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03822

Cited by 31 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The splitting between the modes is many times their linewidths, a property observed in several measured NWs. Finite element modeling (FEM) has shown that even small cross-sectional asymmetries (< 1%) or clamping asymmetries can lead to mode splittings similar to those observed [27].…”

Section: Nanowire Force Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 83%

Vectorial scanning force microscopy using a nanowire sensor

et al. 2016

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Self-assembled nanowire (NW) crystals can be grown into nearly defect-free nanomechanical resonators with exceptional properties, including small motional mass, high resonant frequency and low dissipation. Furthermore, by virtue of slight asymmetries in geometry, a NW's flexural modes are split into doublets oscillating along orthogonal axes. These characteristics make bottom-up grown NWs extremely sensitive vectorial force sensors. Here, taking advantage of its adaptability as a scanning probe, we use a single NW to image a sample surface. By monitoring the frequency shift and direction of oscillation of both modes as we scan above the surface, we construct a map of all spatial tip-sample force derivatives in the plane. Finally, we use the NW to image electric force fields distinguishing between forces arising from the NW charge and polarizability. This universally applicable technique enables a form of atomic force microscopy particularly suited to mapping the size and direction of weak tip-sample forces.

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Section: Nanowire Force Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 83%

Vectorial scanning force microscopy using a nanowire sensor

et al. 2016

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“…For the sake of completeness, we also added the sum over the other family of transverse modes (in y direction), which coefficients are designed with a bar, and the index with a prime (the position standard deviation simply writes ∆y 2 m ). Indeed, the nonlinear coupling between flexural modes of different families has been studied recently [50]. We shall not discuss the coupling to longitudinal and torsional modes, which is outside of the scope of beam mechanics; these depend directly on the Poisson's ratio, and shall be very weak.…”

Section: Application To a Thermalized Family Of Modesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonlinear frequency transduction of nanomechanical Brownian motion

et al. 2017

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We report on experiments addressing the non-linear interaction between a nano-mechanical mode and position fluctuations. The Duffing non-linearity transduces the Brownian motion of the mode, and of other non-linearly coupled ones, into frequency noise. This mechanism, ubiquitous to all weaklynonlinear resonators thermalized to a bath, results in a phase diffusion process altering the motion: two limit behaviors appear, analogous to motional narrowing and inhomogeneous broadening in NMR. Their crossover is found to depend non-trivially on the ratio of the frequency noise correlation time to its magnitude. Our measurements obtained over an unprecedented range covering the two limits match the theory of Y. Zhang and M. I. Dykman, Phys. Rev. B 92, 165419 (2015), with no free parameters. We finally discuss the fundamental bound on frequency resolution set by this mechanism, which is not marginal for bottom-up nanostructures.arXiv:1704.06119v2 [cond-mat.mes-hall]

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“…In this article, we expose a novel ultrasensitive measurement technique going beyond scalar measurements and permitting to directly image vectorial 2D force fields. It is based on a singly clamped nanowire (NW) which can oscillate along two perpendicular transverse directions [18,[20][21][22][23][24]. Its vibrating extremity is immersed in the force field under investigation while its 2D-Brownian motion is optically detected and reconstructed in realtime.…”

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confidence: 99%

A universal and ultrasensitive vectorial nanomechanical sensor for imaging 2D force fields

et al. 2016

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Miniaturization of force probes into nanomechanical oscillators enables ultrasensitive investigations of forces on dimensions smaller than their characteristic length scale. Meanwhile it also unravels the force field vectorial character and how its topology impacts the measurement. Here we expose an ultrasensitive method to image 2D vectorial force fields by optomechanically following the bidimensional Brownian motion of a singly clamped nanowire. This novel approach relies on angular and spectral tomography of its quasi frequency-degenerated transverse mechanical polarizations: immersing the nanoresonator in a vectorial force field does not only shift its eigenfrequencies but also rotate eigenmodes orientation as a nano-compass. This universal method is employed to map a tunable electrostatic force field whose spatial gradients can even take precedence over the intrinsic nanowire properties. Enabling vectorial force fields imaging with demonstrated sensitivities of attonewton variations over the nanoprobe Brownian trajectory will have strong impact on scientific exploration at the nanoscale.Introduction-Nanosciences were revolutionized by the invention of atomic force microscopy [1] which enabled first perceptions of the nanoworld, by measuring proximity forces exerted by a sample on a micromechanical oscillator. The subsequent emergence of nanomechanical oscillators and evolutions in readout techniques [2][3][4] lead to impressive improvements in force sensitivity [5], enabling detection of collective spin dynamics [6][7][8], single electron spin [9], mass sensing of atoms [10,11] or inertial sensing [12]. Attractive perspectives arise too when nanoresonators are hybridized to single quantum systems, such as molecular magnets [13], spin or solid states qubits [14][15][16][17]. This reduction of the probe size naturally motivates the exploration of force fields on dimensions smaller than their characteristic length scale where a great physical richness is expected, in particular for nanoscale imaging or investigations of fundamental interactions such as proximity forces or near field couplings. In this situation, measurements are performed in presence of strong force field gradients whose vectorial structure becomes crucially relevant and should be fully accounted to describe the measurement process itself [18].

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Time-Resolved Nonlinear Coupling between Orthogonal Flexural Modes of a Pristine GaAs Nanowire

Cited by 31 publications

References 31 publications

Vectorial scanning force microscopy using a nanowire sensor

Vectorial scanning force microscopy using a nanowire sensor

Nonlinear frequency transduction of nanomechanical Brownian motion

A universal and ultrasensitive vectorial nanomechanical sensor for imaging 2D force fields

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