Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation time structure

Abstract

Synchrotron radiation time structure is becoming a common tool for studying dynamic properties of materials. The main limitation is often the wide time domain the user would like to access with pump-probe experiments. In order to perform photoelectron spectroscopy experiments over time scales from milliseconds to picoseconds it is mandatory to measure the time at which each measured photoelectron was created. For this reason the usual CCD camera-based two-dimensional detection of electron energy analyzers has been replaced by a new delay-line detector adapted to the time structure of the SOLEIL synchrotron radiation source. The new two-dimensional delay-line detector has a time resolution of 5 ns and was installed on a Scienta SES 2002 electron energy analyzer. The first application has been to characterize the time of flight of the photoemitted electrons as a function of their kinetic energy and the selected pass energy. By repeating the experiment as a function of the available pass energy and of the kinetic energy, a complete characterization of the analyzer behaviour in the time domain has been obtained. Even for kinetic energies as low as 10 eV at 2 eV pass energy, the time spread of the detected electrons is lower than 140 ns. These results and the time structure of the SOLEIL filling modes assure the possibility of performing pump-probe photoelectron spectroscopy experiments with the time resolution given by the SOLEIL pulse width, the best performance of the beamline and of the experimental station.

Time-resolved photoemission spectroscopy on a metal/ferroelectric heterostructure

“…State-of-the-art delay-line detectors allow detection of photoemitted electrons with a time-resolution down to 5 to 10 ns 18 . Although switching times can be of the order of a nanosecond 19 , in many cases it may be sufficient to resolve the transient response of the electronic structure to the applied voltage pulse.…”

Multiple satellites in materials with complex plasmon spectra: From graphite to graphene

“…Linearly polarized photons from the Apple II type Insertion Device (HU44) were selected in energy using a high resolution plane grating monochromator with a resolving power E/ E = 5000. The end-station chamber (base pressure 10 −10 mbar) is equipped with a modified SCIENTA-2002 electron analyzer with a delay-line 2D detector which optimizes the detection linearity and signal/background ratio [21]. The overall energy resolution was better than 200 meV.…”

Time-Resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopies Using Synchrotron Radiation: Past, Present, and Future

“…The DLD system has been often adopted as a detector in the time-of-flight (TOF) electron spectrometer, [29][30][31] but recently also in the hemispherical electron spectrometer. 32) In addition, the short dead time of DLD (10-20 ps) allows measuring PES spectra with reasonable statistics in as short as 1 ms using a snapshot mode without scanning a lens voltage. The time-resolved PES system using TOF electron spectrometer with DLD will be described in details in Sect.…”