Time to development of adverse drug reactions and associated factors among adult HIV positive patients on antiretroviral treatment in Bahir Dar City, Northwest Ethiopia

Abstract

BackgroundAdverse drug reactions (ADRs) are harmful and unintended reactions to medicines given at standard doses. Although the antiretroviral treatment (ART) changed the global HIV epidemic significantly, it’s associated adverse events is huge. Therefore, investigating the rate and development of ADRs of ART provides vital information for monitoring risks.MethodsRetrospective study was conducted among patients on ART from July1/2011—June 30/2016 at Felege Hiwot referral hospital. Data were collected using checklist and document review. The p-value and hazard ratio with its confidence interval was used to show presence and strength of association.ResultsA total of 602 subjects were studied. The rate of occurrence of major ADRs was 4.3/100PY. Patients with no formal and completed primary education were at higher risk of developing ADRs compared to those with higher level education [AHR = 8, 95% CI: 2.53–25.20, AHR = 4.9, 95% CI: 1.65–14.44]. The risks of ADRs among patients working in NGOs were more than four times compared to those in governmental organizations [AHR = 4.3, 95% CI: 1.42–13.31]. The risks of ADRs in WHO clinical stage II, III and IV were much higher than in stage I [AHR = 4, 95% CI: 1.33–11.93, AHR = 5.3, 95% CI: 2.02–13.79 and AHR = 7, 95% CI: 2.51–20.10] respectively. Moreover, patients didn’t receive OI prophylaxis were more three times at risk of ADRs compared to those received [AHR = 3.2, 95% CI: 1.47–7.08].ConclusionsMost of the ADRs cases were occurred within a year after initiation of ART. Educational status, occupation, advanced clinical stage and OI prophylaxis therapy were predictors ADRs. Continuous counseling for non-educated patients and clients in clinical stage II and above, and patients didn’t take OI prophylaxis need to get close follow up to prevent the associated ADRs by the concerned parties.

Incidence and Predictors of Sever Adverse Drug Reactions Among Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy at Debre Markos Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

“…Patients with baseline WHO clinical stages of III and IV were 2.56 times at higher risk of developing adverse drug reactions compared to WHO stages I and II. This finding is in line with findings in Bahir Dar city Northwest Ethiopia [13], Hiwot Fana specialized Hospital Eastern Ethiopia [24], Jos University…”

“…About 13.81% (95% C.I: 10.87%, 17.2%) of the cohort had experienced ADR. This figure is higher than findings from Bahir Dar city (10%) [13], a tertiary hospital in Addis Ababa (7.7%) [17], seven teaching hospitals in Ethiopia (9.5%) [14], Nigeria (1.4%) [15,16], a tertiary hospital in Ghana (9.4%) [18] and India (2.4%) [19]. The difference might be due to the longer follow up time in the current study which can be explained by the longer the follow-up, the higher the probability of including the ADR [21] and Kenya where it accounted for 66.3% [22].…”

“…The incidence rate of adverse drug reaction was 3 (95% C.I: 2.4, 3.86) per 100-person years of follow up. This finding is lower than findings from Bahir Dar city (4.3/100 PY) [13], finding from seven teaching hospitals in Ethiopia (9/100 PY) [14], two retrospective studies from Nigeria (4.6/100 PY and 4.05/100 PY) [15,16] and another study in Ethiopia [8]. This lower figure might be related to the difference in follow up duration in which all of these previous studies had a shorter duration than the current study.…”

Opportunistic Infections and Associated Factors among HIV/AIDS Patients taking Ante-Retroviral Therapy at Selected Hospitals in Sidama Zone, Southern Ethiopia: A facility-based cross-sectional study

“…More than 90% of HIV/AIDS deaths are attributable to opportunistic infections and malignancies [8]. Even though nationally representative and comprehensive data regarding the magnitude of opportunistic infections lacks in Ethiopia, some regional studies has shown the prevalence ranging from 19.7% to 48% [13,15]. The prevalence of OIs among HIV patients on ART is still high namely; oral candidiasis 11.8%, followed by chronic diarrhea, 9.9% and tuberculosis 9.7% at in DebreMarkos referral hospital in Ethiopian [16].…”

Opportunistic Infections and Associated Factors among HIV/AIDS Patients taking Ante-Retroviral Therapy Leku, Bona and Yirgalem Hospitals in Sidama Zone, Southern Ethiopia.

“…More than 90% of HIV/AIDS deaths are attributable to opportunistic infections and malignancies [11]. Even though nationally representative and comprehensive data regarding the magnitude of opportunistic infections lack in Ethiopia, some regional studies have shown the prevalence ranging from 19.7% to 48% [15,17]. The prevalence of OIs among HIV patients on ART is still high namely; oral candidiasis 11.8%, followed by chronic diarrhea, 9.9% and tuberculosis 9.7% at Debre Markos referral hospital in Ethiopian [18].…”