BackgroundAdverse drug reactions (ADRs) are harmful and unintended reactions to medicines given at standard doses. Although the antiretroviral treatment (ART) changed the global HIV epidemic significantly, it’s associated adverse events is huge. Therefore, investigating the rate and development of ADRs of ART provides vital information for monitoring risks.MethodsRetrospective study was conducted among patients on ART from July1/2011—June 30/2016 at Felege Hiwot referral hospital. Data were collected using checklist and document review. The p-value and hazard ratio with its confidence interval was used to show presence and strength of association.ResultsA total of 602 subjects were studied. The rate of occurrence of major ADRs was 4.3/100PY. Patients with no formal and completed primary education were at higher risk of developing ADRs compared to those with higher level education [AHR = 8, 95% CI: 2.53–25.20, AHR = 4.9, 95% CI: 1.65–14.44]. The risks of ADRs among patients working in NGOs were more than four times compared to those in governmental organizations [AHR = 4.3, 95% CI: 1.42–13.31]. The risks of ADRs in WHO clinical stage II, III and IV were much higher than in stage I [AHR = 4, 95% CI: 1.33–11.93, AHR = 5.3, 95% CI: 2.02–13.79 and AHR = 7, 95% CI: 2.51–20.10] respectively. Moreover, patients didn’t receive OI prophylaxis were more three times at risk of ADRs compared to those received [AHR = 3.2, 95% CI: 1.47–7.08].ConclusionsMost of the ADRs cases were occurred within a year after initiation of ART. Educational status, occupation, advanced clinical stage and OI prophylaxis therapy were predictors ADRs. Continuous counseling for non-educated patients and clients in clinical stage II and above, and patients didn’t take OI prophylaxis need to get close follow up to prevent the associated ADRs by the concerned parties.

Background: Globally, every year, 2.5 million infants die within their first month of life. Birth asphyxia is one of the leading causes in all low-and middle-income countries and the leading single cause of neonatal mortality in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the determinants of birth asphyxia among newborns admitted to neonatal intensive care units (NICU) in Amhara region referral hospitals, Ethiopia. Methods: Facility-based unmatched case-control study was employed from March 1 to April 30, 2018. Cases were newborn babies admitted to neonatal intensive care units with an admission criteria of birth asphyxia with APGAR score of <7 at five min of birth and controls were newborn babies admitted to NICU with an admission criteria of other complications (such as jaundice, congenital anomalies, sepsis, hemorrhagic diseases) with APGAR score of ≥7 at five min of birth. Using SPSS version 20, bivariate logistic regression model was fitted to check the relation of each independent variable to the outcome variable. Variables with p<0.2 in bivariate analysis were transferred to multivariable logistic regression model for final analysis. Variables with an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 95%CI and p<0.05 were reported as determinants of birth asphyxia. Results: Data were collected from 193 cases and 193 controls with a response rate of 100%.

Background Globally, every year, 2.5 million infants die within their first month of life. Neonatal asphyxia is the leading specific cause of neonatal mortality in low- and middle-income countries, including Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the determinants of birth asphyxia among newborns admitted in Amhara region referral hospitals, Ethiopia. Methods Facility-based unmatched case-control study was employed among 193 cases and 193 controls of newborns. Newborns admitted to neonatal intensive care units with admission criteria of birth asphyxia and without birth asphyxia were considered as cases (Apgar score<7) and controls (Apgar score>=7) respectively. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire by systematic random sampling technique with proportional allocation, and entered in to Epi-Info version 7 and exported to SPSS version 20 for statistical analysis. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to identify determinants of birth asphyxia. Results Newborns with low birth weight (<2.5kg) had 8.94 higher odds of birth asphyxia than those whose weight at birth was >=2.5kg at birth (AOR: 8.94, 95% CI: 4.08, 19.56). Newborns born at health centers were 7.36 times more likely to develop birth asphyxia than those born at hospitals (AOR: 7.36, 95% CI: 2.44, 22.13). Newborns born using instrumental delivery were 3.03 times more likely to develop birth asphyxia than those delivered by vaginally (AOR: 3.03, 95% CI: 1.41, 6.49). Newborns from mothers with prolonged labor were 2 times more likely to suffer from birth asphyxia as compared to their counterparts (AOR: 2.00, 95% CI: 1.20, 3.36). Conclusion This study identified prolonged labor, instrumental delivery, delivered at health centers, and low birth weight were identified as determinants of birth asphyxia. Thus, intervention planning towards the identified determinants may be needed to reduce neonatal birth asphyxia.

Background: Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is a harmful traditional practice that violates the human rights of girls and women. It is widely practiced mainly in Africa including Ethiopia. There are a number of studies on the prevalence of FGM/C in Ethiopia. However, little has been devoted to its spatial epidemiology and associated factors. Hence, this study aimed to explore the spatial pattern and factors affecting FGM/C among girls in Ethiopia.Methods: A further analysis of the 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey data was conducted, and a total of 6,985 girls nested in 603 enumeration areas were included. Moran's I statistic was employed to test the spatial autocorrelation, and Getis-Ord Gi* as well as Kulldorff’s spatial scan statistics were used to detect spatial clusters of FGM/C. Multilevel logistic regression models were fitted to identify individual and community level factors affecting FGM/C.Results: Spatial clustering of FGM/C was observed (Moran’s I=0.31, p-value < 0.01), and eight significant clusters of FGM/C were detected. The most likely primary cluster was detected in the neighborhood areas of Amhara, Afar, Tigray and Oromia regions (LLR = 279.0, p< 0.01), the secondary cluster in Tigray region (LLR=67.3, p<0.01), and the third cluster in Somali region (LLR=55.5, P<0.01). In About 83% variation in the odds of FGM/C was attributed to both individual and community level factors. At individual level, older maternal age, higher number of living children, maternal circumcision, perceived believes as FGM/C is required by religion, and supporting the continuation of FGM/C practice were factors to increase the odds of FGM/C, whereas, secondary/higher maternal education, better household wealth, and media exposure were factors decreasing the odds of FGM/C. Place of residency, Region and Ethnicity were the community level factors associated with FGM/C.Conclusions: Spatial clustering of FGM/C among girls was observed, and FGM/C hotspots were detected in Afar, Amhara, Tigray, BenishangulGumuz, Oromia, SNNPR and Somali regions including Dire Dawa Town. Both individual and community level factors play a significant role in the practice of FGM/C. Hence, FGM/C hotspots require priority interventions, and it is also better to consider both individual and community level factors.

27Background: Globally, every year, 2.5 million infants die within their first month of life. 28Neonatal asphyxia is the leading specific cause of neonatal mortality in low-and middle-income 29 countries, including Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the determinants of 30 birth asphyxia among newborns admitted in Amhara region referral hospitals, Ethiopia. 31 Methods: Facility-based unmatched case-control study was employed among 193 cases and 193 32 controls of newborns. Newborns admitted to neonatal intensive care units with admission criteria 33 of birth asphyxia and without birth asphyxia were considered as cases (Apgar score<7) and 34 controls (Apgar score>=7) respectively. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire by 35 systematic random sampling technique with proportional allocation, and entered in to Epi-Info 36 version 7 and exported to SPSS version 20 for statistical analysis. Bivariate and multivariable 37 logistic regression models were fitted to identify determinants of birth asphyxia.38