Timelines of plume characteristics of the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai eruption sequence from 19 December 2021 to 16 January 2022: Himawari-8 observations

Gupta, Ashok Kumar; Bennartz, Ralf; Fauria, Kristen E.; Mittal, Tushar

doi:10.1002/essoar.10510853.2

Cited by 7 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…Here, we assume a relatively large contribution from the latter based on the water-rich plume and large stratospheric aerosol loading observed soon after the 15 HTHH eruption (e.g., Sellitto et al, 2022. Despite the significant difference between the a priori lower stratospheric CMA (18 km) and the ~30-55 km plume height reported for the January 15 HTHH eruption (Carr et al, 2022;Gupta et al, 2022), the uncertainty related to plume height is relatively small for stratospheric SO 2 clouds regardless of altitude. Based on this error budget, combining the errors in quadrature yields a total uncertainty of ~35% on the OMPS stratospheric SO 2 measurements and we assume similar errors for OMI and TROPOMI.…”

Section: Satellite Datamentioning

confidence: 83%

“…At the time, the eruption of HTHH at 20:35 UTC on 19 December 2021 (09:35 local time on December 20), was a significant event for the volcano, generating a steam-rich eruption plume that rose to the tropopause or lower stratosphere (~17 km altitude; Gupta et al, 2022), accompanied by lightning, ash emissions and audible explosions (Global Volcanism Program, 2021a). Due to its high temporal resolution, DSCOVR/EPIC detected SO 2 in the eruption plume as early as 20:53 UT on December 19 (~20 min after the eruption onset; Figure 1 and Table 2), although SO 2 columns were close to the detection limit.…”

Section: The 20 December 2021 Eruptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Table 2, we report daily SO 2 loadings measured in the HTHH eruption plumes by SNPP/OMPS, though similar SO 2 amounts were also measured by OMI and TROPOMI. Reported plume heights during this period of activity were highly variable, ranging from lower-to upper-tropospheric altitudes (Table 2; Gupta et al, 2022). To constrain SO 2 emissions during this period, we have used the lower-and mid-tropospheric OMPS Gupta et al (2022).…”

Section: Continuous Emissions: December 2021-january 2022mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reported plume heights during this period of activity were highly variable, ranging from lower-to upper-tropospheric altitudes (Table 2; Gupta et al, 2022). To constrain SO 2 emissions during this period, we have used the lower-and mid-tropospheric OMPS Gupta et al (2022).…”

Section: Continuous Emissions: December 2021-january 2022mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The latter occurred in dramatic fashion during the 15 January 2022 eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai (HTHH), a submarine volcano in Tonga. The 15 January 2022 HTHH eruption, which was the culmination of an eruptive sequence that began in December 2021, produced an eruption column with overshooting tops that rose to lower mesospheric altitudes (~55 km) (Carr et al, 2022), an umbrella cloud that rivalled the 1991 Pinatubo eruption in horizontal extent (Gupta et al, 2022), a plethora of atmospheric waves that propagated globally (Matoza et al, 2022;Wright et al, 2022), vigorous lightning, and local and distal tsunamis (Kubota et al, 2022). The highly explosive nature of the 2022 HTHH eruption was driven by violent magmaseawater interaction, and the event drew comparisons with the 1883 eruption of Krakatau (Indonesia), which produced some analogous atmospheric wave phenomena (Symons, 1888).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Out of the blue: Volcanic SO2 emissions during the 2021–2022 eruptions of Hunga Tonga—Hunga Ha’apai (Tonga)

et al. 2022

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Most volcanism on Earth is submarine, but volcanic gas emissions by submarine eruptions are rarely observed and hence largely unquantified. On 15 January 2022 a submarine eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai (HTHH) volcano (Tonga) generated an explosion of historic magnitude, and was preceded by ∼1 month of Surtseyan eruptive activity and two precursory explosive eruptions. We present an analysis of ultraviolet (UV) satellite measurements of volcanic sulfur dioxide (SO2) between December 2021 and the climactic 15 January 2022 eruption, comprising an unprecedented record of Surtseyan eruptive emissions. UV measurements from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on NASA’s Aura satellite, the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) on Suomi-NPP, the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) on ESA’s Sentinel-5P, and the Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera (EPIC) aboard the Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) are combined to yield a consistent multi-sensor record of eruptive degassing. We estimate SO2 emissions during the eruption’s key phases: the initial 19 December 2021 eruption (∼0.01 Tg SO2); continuous SO2 emissions from 20 December 2021—early January 2022 (∼0.12 Tg SO2); the 13 January 2022 stratospheric eruption (0.06 Tg SO2); and the paroxysmal 15 January 2022 eruption (∼0.4–0.5 Tg SO2); yielding a total SO2 emission of ∼0.6–0.7 Tg SO2 for the eruptive episode. We interpret the vigorous SO2 emissions observed prior to the January 2022 eruptions, which were significantly higher than measured in the 2009 and 2014 HTHH eruptions, as strong evidence for a rejuvenated magmatic system. High cadence DSCOVR/EPIC SO2 imagery permits the first UV-based analysis of umbrella cloud spreading and volume flux in the 13 January 2022 eruption, and also tracks early dispersion of the stratospheric SO2 cloud injected on January 15. The ∼0.4–0.5 Tg SO2 discharged by the paroxysmal 15 January 2022 HTHH eruption is low relative to other eruptions of similar magnitude, and a review of other submarine eruptions in the satellite era indicates that modest SO2 yields may be characteristic of submarine volcanism, with the emissions and atmospheric impacts likely dominated by water vapor. The origin of the low SO2 loading awaits further investigation but scrubbing of SO2 in the water-rich eruption plumes and rapid conversion to sulfate aerosol are plausible, given the exceptional water emission by the 15 January 2022 HTHH eruption.

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Section: Satellite Datamentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: The 20 December 2021 Eruptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Continuous Emissions: December 2021-january 2022mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Continuous Emissions: December 2021-january 2022mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Out of the blue: Volcanic SO2 emissions during the 2021–2022 eruptions of Hunga Tonga—Hunga Ha’apai (Tonga)

et al. 2022

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Out of the blue: volcanic SO2 emissions during the 2021-2022 Hunga Tonga - Hunga Ha'apai eruptions

Carn

Krotkov

Fisher

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Most volcanism on Earth is submarine, but volcanic gas emissions by submarine eruptions are rarely observed and hence largely unquantified. On 15 January 2022 a submarine eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai (HTHH) volcano (Tonga) generated an explosion of historic magnitude, and was preceded by ~1 month of Surtseyan eruptive activity and two precursory explosive eruptions. We present an analysis of ultraviolet (UV) satellite measurements of volcanic sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) between December 2021 and the climactic 15 January 2022 eruption, comprising an unprecedented record of Surtseyan eruptive emissions. UV measurements from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on NASA's Aura satellite, the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) on Suomi-NPP, the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) on ESA's Sentinel-5P, and the Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera (EPIC) aboard the Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) are combined to yield a consistent multi-sensor record of eruptive degassing. We estimate SO 2 emissions during the eruption's key phases: the initial 19 December 2021 eruption (~0.01 Tg SO 2 ); continuous SO 2 emissions from 20 December 2021-early January 2022 (~0.12 Tg SO 2 ); the 13 January 2022 stratospheric eruption (0.06 Tg SO 2 ); and the paroxysmal 15 January 2022 eruption (~0.4-0.5 Tg SO 2 ); yielding a total SO 2 emission of ~0.6-0.7 Tg SO 2 for the eruptive episode. We interpret the vigorous SO 2 emissions observed prior to the January 2022 eruptions, which were significantly higher than measured in the 2009 and 2014 HTHH eruptions, as strong evidence for a rejuvenated magmatic system. High cadence DSCOVR/ EPIC SO 2 imagery permits the first UV-based analysis of umbrella cloud spreading and volume flux in the 13 January 2022 eruption, and also tracks early dispersion of the stratospheric SO 2 cloud injected on January 15. The ~0.4-0.5 Tg SO 2 discharged by the paroxysmal 15 January 2022 HTHH eruption is low relative to other eruptions of similar magnitude, and a review of other submarine eruptions in the satellite era indicates that modest SO 2 yields may be characteristic of submarine volcanism, with the emissions and atmospheric impacts likely dominated by water vapor. The origin of the low SO 2 loading awaits further investigation but scrubbing of SO 2 in the water-rich eruption plumes and rapid conversion to sulfate aerosol are plausible, given the exceptional water emission by the 15 January 2022 HTHH eruption.

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Columnar optical, microphysical and radiative properties of the 2022 Hunga Tonga volcanic ash plumes

et al. 2022

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Timelines of plume characteristics of the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai eruption sequence from 19 December 2021 to 16 January 2022: Himawari-8 observations

Abstract: This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary.

Cited by 7 publications

References 46 publications

Out of the blue: Volcanic SO2 emissions during the 2021–2022 eruptions of Hunga Tonga—Hunga Ha’apai (Tonga)

Out of the blue: Volcanic SO2 emissions during the 2021–2022 eruptions of Hunga Tonga—Hunga Ha’apai (Tonga)

Out of the blue: volcanic SO2 emissions during the 2021-2022 Hunga Tonga - Hunga Ha'apai eruptions

Columnar optical, microphysical and radiative properties of the 2022 Hunga Tonga volcanic ash plumes

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