Timing of neuronal plasticity in development and aging

Abstract

Molecular oscillators are well known for their roles in temporal control of some biological processes like cell proliferation, but molecular mechanisms that provide temporal control of differentiation and postdifferentiation events in cells are less understood. In the nervous system, establishment of neuronal connectivity during development and decline in neuronal plasticity during aging are regulated with temporal precision, but the timing mechanisms are largely unknown. Caenorhabditis elegans has been a preferred model for aging research and recently emerges as a new model for the study of developmental and postdevelopmental plasticity in neurons. In this review we discuss the emerging mechanisms in timing of developmental lineage progression, axon growth and pathfinding, synapse formation, and reorganization, and neuronal plasticity in development and aging. We also provide a current view on the conserved core axon regeneration molecules with the intention to point out potential regulatory points of temporal controls. We highlight recent progress in understanding timing mechanisms that regulate decline in regenerative capacity, including progressive changes of intrinsic timers and co-opting the aging pathway molecules. WIREs Dev Biol 2018, 7:e305. doi: 10.1002/wdev.305 This article is categorized under: Invertebrate Organogenesis > Worms Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Regulation of Size, Proportion, and Timing Nervous System Development > Worms Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Regulatory RNA.

Engulfing cells promote neuronal regeneration and remove neuronal debris through distinct biochemical functions of CED-1

“…C. elegans has been utilized as a genetic model to identify novel cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying nervous system regeneration 43 – 47 . Time-lapse imaging of axon debris occurrence and axon regeneration following laser axotomy of the ALM touch neuron (Fig.…”

Engulfment Genes Promote Neuronal Regeneration in Caenorhabditis Elegans: Two Divergent But Complementary Views

“…Many extrinsic and intrinsic factors that act to promote or block neuronal regeneration after nerve injury have been identified [11,16,44,[52][53][54][55][56] , but little is known for the molecular connection between neuronal debris removal and neuronal regeneration. It was recently shown in C. elegans that after peripheral nerve injury, proximal axon debris is removed and axon regenerates.…”

A review on the application of intelligent control strategies for post-stroke hand rehabilitation machines

“…8,9 Neuroplasticity, also known as neuroplasticity, or brain plasticity, refers to “the ability of neurons and neural networks in the brain to change their connections and behavior in response to new information, sensory stimuli, development, injury, or dysfunction.” Neuroplasticity acts as the “Achilles tendon” of the brain, inducing the brain. 10–21…”

“…Neuroplasticity acts as the ''Achilles tendon'' of the brain, inducing the brain. [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] Based on the above-mentioned mechanisms of hand rehabilitation, patients usually use manual rehabilitation, that is, a professional rehabilitator to help them with joint muscle training and rehabilitation. 22,23 Although this type of rehabilitation is effective and well-targeted, the cost of rehabilitation is prohibitive to the average family.…”