Timing of skilled motor performance: Tests of the proportional duration model.

Gentner, Donald R.

doi:10.1037/0033-295x.94.2.255

Cited by 170 publications

(116 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Typists can cure their mistakes through corrective actions like pressing the backspace key. Typists can prevent future errors by trading speed for accuracy (Gentner, 1987;Yamaguchi, Crump, & Logan, in press). The task demands of typing are lax in terms of timing, high in deadline flexibility, allow for repeated attempts, and allow for deletion to occur.…”

Section: The Role Of Task Demands In Prevention and Curementioning

confidence: 99%

Prevention and correction in post-error performance: An ounce of prevention, a pound of cure.

Crump¹,

Logan²

2013

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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Error detection serves 2 different functions: prevention and cure. Prevention engages post-error slowing to reduce future errors, whereas cure engages processes that correct the error. Thus, prevention predicts post-error slowing, and cure does not. We investigated this distinction in skilled typists in 3 experiments. In Experiment 1, post-error performance was investigated in 800 typists who completed a short continuous typing test where correction was disallowed. In Experiments 2 and 3, post-error performance and post-correction performance were investigated by manipulating whether typists were allowed to correct their mistakes. Across experiments, there was limited evidence that typists used error detection for prevention; typists preferred the cure. After making mistakes, they corrected them and rapidly resumed typing at normal rates. Post-error slowing occurred only when correction was disabled; post-error speeding occurred when correction was enabled. This finding offers support for the novel hypothesis that post-error slowing reflects the inhibition of pre-potent tendencies to correct mistakes. Error-detection processes in general will be better understood by distinguishing between tasks that allow performers to cure their errors through correction rather than reduce their errors through prevention.Keywords: error detection, cognitive control, skill-acquisition, performance, typing Everybody makes mistakes. An understanding of human error not only mitigates disastrous consequences caused by human operators (e.g., drivers, air traffic controllers, nuclear power plant operators) but also informs on the underpinnings of performance across domains in psychology and neuroscience (Reason, 1990).

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Section: The Role Of Task Demands In Prevention and Curementioning

confidence: 99%

Prevention and correction in post-error performance: An ounce of prevention, a pound of cure.

Crump¹,

Logan²

2013

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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“…Such a model predicts that song intervals should exhibit proportional scaling, i.e., they should stretch and compress the same amount per unit time as the entire sequence (Gentner, 1987;Rhodes et al, 2004). We examined whether zebra finch songs showed proportional scaling by performing a linear regression of each interval with overall sequence length (the slope of the regression line is known as the ␤ coefficient).…”

Section: Scaling Of Syllable and Gap Length With Tempomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Under this proposal, there is no hierarchical division of motifs into syllables and gaps. With its uniform representation, the music box model predicts that changes in song tempo should be accompanied by proportional scaling of all parts of the song, with no correlation structure that would delineate articulatory units (for discussions of proportional scaling in humans, see Gentner, 1987;Heuer, 1988;de Jong, 2001;Rhodes et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal Structure in Zebra Finch Song: Implications for Motor Coding

2006

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Adult zebra finch songs consist of stereotyped sequences of syllables. Although some behavioral and physiological data suggest that songs are structured hierarchically, there is also evidence that they are driven by nonhierarchical, clock-like bursting in the premotor nucleus HVC (used as a proper name). In this study, we developed a semiautomated template-matching algorithm to identify repeated sequences of syllables and a modified dynamic time-warping algorithm to make fine-grained measurements of the temporal structure of song. We find that changes in song length are expressed across the song as a whole rather than resulting from an accumulation of independent variance during singing. Song length changes systematically over the course of a day and is related to the general level of bird activity as well as the presence of a female. The data also show patterns of variability that suggest distinct mechanisms underlying syllable and gap lengths: as tempo varies, syllables stretch and compress proportionally less than gaps, whereas syllable-syllable and gap-gap correlations are significantly stronger than syllable-gap correlations. There is also increased temporal variability at motif boundaries and especially strong positive correlations between the same syllables sung in different motifs. Finally, we find evidence that syllable onsets may have a special role in aligning syllables with global song structure. Generally, the timing data support a hierarchical view in which song is composed of smaller syllable-based units and provide a rich set of constraints for interpreting the results of physiological recordings.

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“…An important aspect of skilled attending and expertise is flexibility (e.g., Gentner, 1987;Keele & Hawkins, 1982). Flexible attending here refers to shifts of attending energies from the referent level to many other event levels.…”

Section: Attentional Shiftsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic attending and responses to time.

Jones¹,

Boltz²

1989

Psychological Review

917

852

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A temporally based theory of attending is proposed that assumes that the structure of world events affords different attending modes. Future-oriented attending supports anticipatory behaviors and occurs with highly coherent temporal events. Time judgments, given this attending mode, axe influenced by the way an event's ending confirms or violates temporal expectancies. Analytic attending supports other activities (e.g., grouping, counting), and if it occurs with events of low temporal coherence, then time judgments depend on the attending levels involved. A weighted contrast model describes over-and underestimations of event durations. The model applies to comparative duration judgments of equal and unequal time intervals; its rationale extends to temporal productions/extrapolations. Two experiments compare predictions of the contrast model with those derived from other traditional approaches.One characteristic of modern society is a preoccupation with fixed time schedules and standardized timekeepers. We maintain appointments at hourly intervals, rush to meet the 5:00 p.m. bus, and dine at predetermined hours. Yet our natural ability to judge time remains poorly understood. How often do we estimate the time elapsed since last glancing at a clock and discover with surprise that we were fairly accurate? Surprise is understandable because at least as often we lose track of time and err. The validity of these impressions is confirmed by laboratory research showing that duration judgments depend not only on actual physical duration but also on a variety of nontemporal factors. These include the spatial layout and complexity of an event as well as the attentional set, skill, affect, and constitutional state of the judge (Allan, 1979;Fraisse, 1984; Kristofferson, 1984).Researchers have addressed many of these issues that include both psychophysical problems (e.g., Weber's Law for time discrimination) and organismic variables (e.g., age, drugs, and arousal effects). Of recent interest is the influence of nontemporal information on time judgments, due largely to a fascination with such problems as the filled interval effect. This phenomenon reveals that two equivalent time intervals may not be judged as such because of the nontemporal information that fills them. Although the most popular models of judged duration attempt to explain this effect (e.g., Block, 1978;Ornstein, 1969), the effect itself raises problems for a general theory of time estimation (Allan, 1979).In this article we focus on some problems raised by the filled This research was supported by Grant BNS-8204811 from the National Science Foundation and by a fellowship from the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study awarded to the senior author (I 986-1987).The authors thank Chris Antons, David Buffer, Walter Johnson, Gary Kidd, Kerri Marsh, Elizabeth Maxshburn, John Michon, Mitch Pratt, Ken Pugh, Jackie Ralston, and Wither wan Vreden. Special thanks axe due to Steve Handel and two anonymous reviewers for their excellent comments on an earlier version of...

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Timing of skilled motor performance: Tests of the proportional duration model.

Cited by 170 publications

References 59 publications

Prevention and correction in post-error performance: An ounce of prevention, a pound of cure.

Prevention and correction in post-error performance: An ounce of prevention, a pound of cure.

Temporal Structure in Zebra Finch Song: Implications for Motor Coding

Dynamic attending and responses to time.

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