Timing resolution performance comparison for fast and standard outputs of SensL SiPM

Dolinsky, S.; Fu, Geng; Iván, Adrián

doi:10.1109/nssmic.2013.6829520

Cited by 22 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The best achieved resolutions for the "benchmark" and "PET" crystals are 130 ps and 200 ps, respectively. Such values are comparable to the state-of-the-art performance with commercial LYSO reported in literature [13,14,[21][22][23]), proving that the NUV technology is suited for PET.…”

Section: Benchmark and Pet Crystalssupporting

confidence: 81%

“…We tested the energy and timing resolution with two "Test" LYSO scintillators with dimensions of 2.8 × 2.8 × 3 mm 3 and 2.8 × 2.8 × 10 mm 3 . Since the active area is slightly smaller than the die area (because of a safety margin between the cells and the cut line), it was not possible to couple them with the typical "benchmark" crystal 3 × 3 × 5 mm 3 , widely used in literature [9,13,14,[21][22][23]. We then selected a fourth device having a die size of 4 × 4 mm 2 and a R q of 850 kΩ (τ = 80 ns), and coupled it with LYSO with different size: "benchmark" 3 × 3 × 5 mm 3 , "PET" 3.8 × 3.8 × 22 mm 3 , as well as the two "Test" scintillators.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Performance of FBK low-afterpulse NUV silicon photomultipliers for PET application

Ferri¹,

Acerbi²,

Gola³

et al. 2016

J. Inst.

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Section: Benchmark and Pet Crystalssupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of FBK low-afterpulse NUV silicon photomultipliers for PET application

Ferri¹,

Acerbi²,

Gola³

et al. 2016

J. Inst.

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“…SensL-JD4 was optimized by the producers for a reduced signal delay time spread. SensL devices were operated in the regular configuration and not in the fast output as described in [13].…”

Section: Description Of the Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single photon time resolution of state of the art SiPMs

et al. 2016

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Comparison of the timing performance of different silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) can be useful for applications that employ these devices. In our study, we characterize some of the currently available SiPMs to compare the single photon time resolution (SPTR) values measured using a 420 nm laser with a pulse width of 42 ps FWHM. SPTR values in the range of 175-330 ps FWHM were measured for most 3 × 3 mm 2 and 4 × 4 mm 2 devices and varied with the producer and the type of the SiPM. Factors influencing the SPTR including the area, cell to cell non-uniformity and the SPAD (single photon avalanche diode) jitter were investigated by the use of laser light focused at the level of a SPAD within a SiPM. The standard deviation of the SPTR values measured among different cells within a Hamamatsu Through Silicon Via SiPM was found to be less than 5 ps. When measured with focused laser the values of SPTR, the signal delay and the relative PDE were found to vary among different points within a SPAD of a SiPM. We found that such variation causes the values of SPTR measured with focused illumination to be better than when measured with diffuse illumination which probes the entire SiPM active surface. SPTR values close to 20 ps FWHM have been measured for standalone single SPADs produced by FBK after correcting for the laser jitter and the acquisition jitter. The performed tests helped us to understand the limits of the SPAD jitter. We infer that the dominant factor contributing to the degradation of the SPTR from the level of a SPAD to a SiPM is mostly driven by detector noise, if the influence of the signal delay time spread is reduced to a minimum.

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“…An interesting way to mitigate these requirements is by equipping the SiPM with an additional terminal that is parallel-connected to all of the individual diodes through small capacitances (Dolinsky et al 2013, Yeom et al 2013, Jackson et al 2014. Such a 'fast' output can have an equivalent capacitance that is one or two orders of magnitude smaller than the anode-cathode capacitance.…”

Section: Readout Of Sipm-based Scintillation Detectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One may also consider high-pass filtering, e.g. by means of the previously discussed fast output (Yeom et al 2013, Jackson et al 2014 or an external CR filter (Dolinsky et al 2013, Bieniosek et al 2016a. However, the baseline may not be restored perfectly, as the application of a simple CR filter to exponentially decaying pulses tends to give rise to undershoot.…”

Section: Readout Of Sipm-based Scintillation Detectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physics and technology of time-of-flight PET detectors

Schaart

2021

Phys. Med. Biol.

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The imaging performance of clinical positron emission tomography (PET) systems has evolved impressively during the last ∼15 years. A main driver of these improvements has been the introduction of time-of-flight (TOF) detectors with high spatial resolution and detection efficiency, initially based on photomultiplier tubes, later silicon photomultipliers. This review aims to offer insight into the challenges encountered, solutions developed, and lessons learned during this period. Detectors based on fast, bright, inorganic scintillators form the scope of this work, as these are used in essentially all clinical TOF-PET systems today. The improvement of the coincidence resolving time (CRT) requires the optimization of the entire detection chain and a sound understanding of the physics involved facilitates this effort greatly. Therefore, the theory of scintillation detector timing is reviewed first. Once the fundamentals have been set forth, the principal detector components are discussed: the scintillator and the photosensor. The parameters that influence the CRT are examined and the history, state-of-the-art, and ongoing developments are reviewed. Finally, the interplay between these components and the optimization of the overall detector design are considered. Based on the knowledge gained to date, it appears feasible to improve the CRT from the values of 200-400 ps achieved by current state-of-the-art TOF-PET systems to about 100 ps or less, even though this may require the implementation of advanced methods such as time resolution recovery. At the same time, it appears unlikely that a system-level CRT in the order of ∼10 ps can be reached with conventional scintillation detectors. Such a CRT could eliminate the need for conventional tomographic image reconstruction and a search for new approaches to timestamp annihilation photons with ultra-high precision is therefore warranted. While the focus of this review is on timing performance, it attempts to approach the topic from a clinically driven perspective, i.e. bearing in mind that the ultimate goal is to optimize the value of PET in research and (personalized) medicine. Selected abbreviations and symbols BSR Backside readout C d Diode capacitance CFD Constant-fraction discriminator CRLB Cramér-Rao lower bound CRT Coincidence resolving time C q Parallel capacitance of quench resistor DCR Dark count rate DOI Depth of interaction dSiPM Digital silicon photomultiplier DSR Dual-sided readout

show abstract

Timing resolution performance comparison for fast and standard outputs of SensL SiPM

Cited by 22 publications

References 6 publications

Performance of FBK low-afterpulse NUV silicon photomultipliers for PET application

Performance of FBK low-afterpulse NUV silicon photomultipliers for PET application

Single photon time resolution of state of the art SiPMs

Physics and technology of time-of-flight PET detectors

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