Timing the Seasonal Cycles of Insects: The Emergence of Rhagoletis Pomonella1

Lathrop, F. H.; Dirks, C. O.

doi:10.1093/jee/38.3.330

Cited by 8 publications

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“…An important implication of the diapause trade-off hypothesis that we have yet to discuss is that allozyme frequencies within the host races should track local ambient temperature conditions because temperature affects both the diapause status of flies and when host trees fruit (24,25). Two lines of evidence support such a relationship.…”

Section: Fig 2 (A-c) Allele Frequencies Formentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective maintenance of allozyme differences among sympatric host races of the apple maggot fly

Feder

Roethele

Wlazlo

et al. 1997

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

156

171

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Whether phytophagous insects can speciate in sympatry when they shift and adapt to new host plants is a controversial question. One essential requirement for sympatric speciation is that disruptive selection outweighs gene f low between insect populations using different host plants. Empirical support for host-related selection (i.e., fitness trade-offs) is scant, however. Here, we test for host-dependent selection acting on apple (Malus pumila)-and hawthorn (Crataegus spp.)-infesting races of Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae). In particular, we examine whether the earlier fruiting phenology of apple trees favors pupae in deeper states of diapause (or with slower metabolisms͞ development rates) in the apple f ly race. By experimentally lengthening the time period preceding winter, we exposed hawthorn race pupae to environmental conditions typically faced by apple f lies. This exposure induced a significant genetic response at six allozyme loci in surviving hawthorn f ly adults toward allele frequencies found in the apple race. The sensitivity of hawthorn f ly pupae to extended periods of warm weather therefore selects against hawthorn f lies that infest apples and helps to maintain the genetic integrity of the apple race by counteracting gene f low from sympatric hawthorn populations. Our findings confirm that postzygotic reproductive isolation can evolve as a pleiotropic consequence of host-associated adaptation, a central tenet of nonallopatric speciation. They also suggest that one reason for the paucity of reported fitness trade-offs is a failure to consider adequately costs associated with coordinating an insect's life cycle with the phenology of its host plant.Host plant-associated fitness trade-offs are critical for sympatric speciation in phytophagous insects (1). Fitness trade-offs refer to trait(s) or gene(s) that confer a selective advantage to an insect on one plant while incurring a cost on alternative plants. Such trade-offs are important because they can act as postzygotic barriers to gene flow between insect populations specialized on different host plants (1).There is currently little empirical evidence for host plantrelated fitness trade-offs in phytophagous insects (ref. 2, although see refs. 3-5 for some exceptions), which has raised questions concerning the likelihood of sympatric speciation (6). But many tests for fitness trade-offs have concentrated on larval feeding performance and the metabolic detoxification of plant secondary compounds while neglecting potential costs associated with coordinating an insect's life cycle with host plant phenology (7). Here, we test for fitness trade-offs in apple (Malus pumila)-and hawthorn (Crataegus spp.)-infesting populations of the apple maggot fly Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) by examining whether and how differences in the fruiting phenologies (seasonalities) of apple and hawthorn trees affect the genetics of these flies.Previous studies have confirmed the status of apple and hawthorn populations of R. pomonella as g...

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Section: Fig 2 (A-c) Allele Frequencies Formentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective maintenance of allozyme differences among sympatric host races of the apple maggot fly

Feder

Roethele

Wlazlo

et al. 1997

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

156

171

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“…Riedl and Hoying (1980) reported seasonal emergence, flight activity, and oviposition in northern California, and found no consistent relationship between fly catch in Pherocon AM traps and oviposition. Much literature exists on the biology of other tephritid fruit flies from other areas of the United States and Canada (Illingworth 1912;Ries 1934;Lathrop and Dirks 1945;Frick et al 1954;Dean and Chapman 1973;AliNiazee 1976;AliNiazee and Westcott 1987;Jones et al 1989Jones et al , 1991 Management of any pest species is largely dependent upon accurate prediction of its seasonal phenology. Studies on pest phenology, therefore, play an important role in developing integrated pest management (IPM) programs (AliNiazee 1988).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SEASONAL PHENOLOGY OF THE WALNUT HUSK FLY, RHAGOLETIS COMPLETA CRESSON (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)

Kasana

Aliniazee

1996

Can Entomol

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The seasonal phenology of the walnut husk fly (WHF), Rhagoletis completa Cresson, was studied in the Willamette Valley of Oregon during a 4-year period (1990–1993). Adult emergence observed in ground emergence cages varied greatly among years. Initial emergence ranged from 29 June to 17 July, and last emergence occurred as early as 17 August or as late as 11 September. The period of adult emergence was constant from year to year (mean 55, range 50–60 days) with the peak between the 3rd week of July and the 1st week of August. The period between first observed appearance of females in ground-level emergence cages and the first oviposition was consistent among the study years, ranging from 20 to 23 days. Peak oviposition occurred in the 2nd and 3rd weeks of August. Mean egg hatch and larval survival were 98 and 80%, respectively. Infestations reached over 95% in unsprayed trees by early to mid September. Mature larvae first exited from husks beginning the 4th week of August and continued through mid October. Larvae penetrated the soil and pupated at a depth of 2.5–7.6 cm with most within the top 2.5 cm of soil.

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“…the United States and Canada (Illingworth 1912;Ries 1934;Lathrop and Dirks 1945;Frick et al 1954;Dean and Chapman 1973;AliNiazee 1976;AliNiazee and Westcott 1987;Jones et al 1989Jones et al , 1991 Management of any pest species is largely dependent upon accurate prediction of its seasonal phenology. Studies on pest phenology, therefore, play an important role in developing integrated pest management (IPM) programs (AliNiazee 1988).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of Trunk-Implanted Acephate for the Protection of Cones and Seeds From Insect Damage in France and China

Roques¹,

Sun

Zhang³

et al. 1996

Can Entomol

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The Canadian Entomologist 128: 377-390 (1996) The seasonal phenology of the walnut husk fly (WHF), Rhagoletis completa Cresson, was studied in the Willarnette Valley of Oregon during a 4-year period (1990)(1991)(1992)(1993). Adult emergence observed in ground emergence cages vaned greatly among years. Tnitial emergence ranged f~o m 29 June to 17 July. and last emergence occurred as early as 17 August or as late as 1 1 September. The period of adult emergence was constant From year to year (mean 55, range 50-60 days) wit11 the peak between the 3rd week of July and the 1st week of August. The period between fint observed appearance of females in ground-level emergence cages and the first oviposition was consistent among the study years, ranging from 20 to 23 days. Peak oviposition occurred in the 2nd and 3rd weeks of August. Mean egg hatch and larval survival were 98 and 80%. respeclively.Infestations reached over 95% in unsprayed trees by early to mid September. Mature larvae first exited from husks beginning the 4th week of August and continued through mid October. Larvae penetrated the soil and pupated at a depth of 2.5-7.6 cm with most within the top 2.5 cm of soil. Kasana, A,, et M.T. AliNiazee. 1996. Phknologie saisonnikre de la Mouche des brous du noyer, Rhagoletis completa Cresson (Diptera: Tephritidae). The Canadian Entomologist 128: 377-390. R6ume La phCnologie saisonnikre a Ct C CtudiCe chez la Mouche des brous du noyer, Rhagoletis completa Cresson, au cours d'une pCriode de 4 ans (1990-1993), dans la vallCe de la Willamette en Oregon. L'Cmergence des adultes dans des cages au sol a variC considerablement d'une annCe l'autre. La premikre Cmergence a eu lieu le 29 juin une annCe et le 17 juillet une autre annCe et 1'Cmergence s'est terminCe le 17 aoDt une annCe, mais s'est prolongCe jusqu'au 11 septembre une autre annee. La pCriode d'kmergence Ctait constante d'annCe en annCe (55 jours en moyenne, 50-60 jours) atteignant son maximum entre la 3e semaine de juillet et la lere semaine d'aoDt. L'intervalle entre 17Cmergence des premikres femelles dans les cages et ]'observation de la premikre ponte a 6tC le m&me chaque annCe, soit 20-23 jours. Les pontes atteignaient leur frCquence maximale au cours des 2e et 3e semaines d'aoQt. L'Cclosion moyenne des oeufs a Ct C CvaluCe a 98%, la survie des larves, a 80%. Les infestations ont atteint plus de 95% des arbres non trait& entre le dCbut et le milieu de septembre. Les larves 21 maturitk sont apparues hors des brous au cours de la 4e semaine d'aoQt et leur sortie des noix s'est prolongte jusqu'a la mi-octobre. Les larves s'enfouissaient alors dans le sol, entre 2,5 et 7,6 cm de profondeur, et s'y transformaient en pupes, la plupart dans les 2,5 premiers centimktres de surface. [Traduit par la RCdaction]

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Timing the Seasonal Cycles of Insects: The Emergence of Rhagoletis Pomonella1

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Selective maintenance of allozyme differences among sympatric host races of the apple maggot fly

Selective maintenance of allozyme differences among sympatric host races of the apple maggot fly

SEASONAL PHENOLOGY OF THE WALNUT HUSK FLY, RHAGOLETIS COMPLETA CRESSON (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)

Effectiveness of Trunk-Implanted Acephate for the Protection of Cones and Seeds From Insect Damage in France and China

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