Tin and Tin Compound Materials as Anodes in Lithium-Ion and Sodium-Ion Batteries: A Review

Abstract

Tin and tin compounds are perceived as promising next-generation lithium (sodium)-ion batteries anodes because of their high theoretical capacity, low cost and proper working potentials. However, their practical applications are severely hampered by huge volume changes during Li + (Na +) insertion and extraction processes, which could lead to a vast irreversible capacity loss and short cycle life. The significance of morphology design and synergic effects-through combining compatible compounds and/or metals together-on electrochemical properties are analyzed to circumvent these problems. In this review, recent progress and understanding of tin and tin compounds used in lithium (sodium)-ion batteries have been summarized and related approaches to optimize electrochemical performance are also pointed out. Superiorities and intrinsic flaws of the above-mentioned materials that can affect electrochemical performance are discussed, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of tin and tin compounds in lithium(sodium)-ion batteries.

Fast-Charging Anode Materials and Novel Nanocomposite Design of Rice Husk-Derived SiO2 and Sn Nanoparticles Self-Assembled on TiO2(B) Nanorods for Lithium-Ion Storage Applications

“…A series of Li–Sn alloys, in the form of Li 2 Sn 5 , LiSn, Li 7 Sn 3 , Li 5 Sn 2 , Li 13 Sn 5 , Li 7 Sn 2 , and Li 22 Sn 5 , were formed at potentials ranging from 0.01 to 0.60 V. 51 Based on the alloy process, up to 4.4 Li atoms can be stored per Sn atom (Li 22 Sn 5 ), resulting in a maximum theoretical capacity. 52 …”

Fabrication and lithium storage performances of a composite of tin disulfide and ordered mesoporous carbon

“…It is well established that with the nanosized level, ultrafine SnS 2 particles can tolerate the huge volume expansion caused by the lithiation process. [26] In addition, as a supporting material, CMK-3 with the mesoporous structure offered plenty of interior void spaces for accommodation of the volume expansion of SnS 2 during lithiation process (inset in figure 6e). As a result, the structural integrity of CMK-3/SnS 2 could remain during repetitive discharge-charge process.…”

Tin Oxide Encapsulated into Pyrolyzed Chitosan as a Negative Electrode for Lithium Ion Batteries

“…The volume change lead to electrode’s structure damage, followed by loss of electric contact and capacity fading. To avoid these phenomena, different approaches were proposed, i.e., changing the size, morphology, incorporating with stress-accommodating phases to provide electronic conductivity [ 7 ]. Carbonaceous materials are the most common to be utilized as stress-accommodating phases, ensuring good mechanical stability, as well as good electrical conductivity.…”