Tin-Based Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Abstract

Tin and its compounds constitute a new class of high-capacity anode materials that can replace graphitic carbon in current lithium-ion batteries. In the case of the two most studied, tin metal and tin oxide, it was shown that the inevitable volume expansion during electrochemical alloying with lithium can be mitigated using many strategies including formation of nanofilms, nanoparticles, nanocomposites, and nanostructures. It was demonstrated that high reversible capacities can be obtained and this was highlighted by the successful commercialization of a lithium-ion battery with a Sn/Co/C nanocomposite (Nexelion TM ).