TiO<sub>2</sub> Co-doped with Zr and Ag shows highly efficient visible light photocatalytic behavior suitable for treatment of polluted water

Aqeel, Muhammad; Ikram, Muhammad; Imran, Muhammad; Ul‐Hamid, Anwar; Qumar, Usman; Shahbaz, Atif; Saeed, Aamer

doi:10.1039/d0ra08718a

Cited by 28 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Several methods have been used by researchers to synthesize TiO 2 nanoparticles such as chemical precipitation [7], combustion [8], sol-gel [9,10], and hydrothermal methods [11]. Among these methods, the sol-gel method is a simple process to synthesis TiO 2 nanoparticles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Temperature Sintering on Grain Growth and Optical Properties of TiO2 Nanoparticles

Yihunie

2023

Journal of Nanomaterials

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Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were prepared by the sol–gel method and the structural, morphological, and optical properties were investigated at different sintering temperatures of 500, 600, 700, 800, and 900°C. A tetragonal structure of anatase, mixed (anatase–rutile), and rutile phases are observed in the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Pure anatase phase formation occurred at 500°C, whereas anatase-to-rutile phase transformation began at 600°C, and reaching complete conversion to rutile at 800°C. The average crystallite size increased from 23 to 34 nm for anatase and 38 to 62 nm for the rutile when sintering temperature increased from 500 to 900°C. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) result presented the increase of grain size (25–100 nm) with increasing the sintering temperature. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra demonstrated the presence of TiO2 vibrational bonds in all samples. The optical bandgaps of the sintered TiO2 nanoparticles decreased with rising sintering temperature. Photoluminescence spectra exhibited three characteristic peaks centered at 380, 450, and 550 nm. The emission intensity increased with increasing the sintering temperature. The Mie analysis was also studied to calculate scattering cross-section, forward scattering, and asymmetry for different grain sizes. The results showed that by increasing the nanoparticle diameters, the peaks of all spectra are redshifted for larger grain sizes and cross-section peaks shift to high values. In this study, the sintering temperature is observed to have a strong influence on crystalline phase transformation, microstructure, and optical properties of TiO2 nanoparticles. The TiO2 sample sintered at 900°C shows the best result to be used as luminescent material due to the low optical bandgap energy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Temperature Sintering on Grain Growth and Optical Properties of TiO2 Nanoparticles

Yihunie

2023

Journal of Nanomaterials

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“…However, despite all these benefits, as TiO 2 has a wide band gap (3.2 eV), its photocatalytic efficiency is less in removing pollutants under different light sources. Therefore, to enhance the photocatalytic activity of TiO 2 , researchers employed different processes like metal doping such as Ag, Mn, Cu, V, Mo, Cr, Fe, and Zn − and non-metal doping such as P, C, N, S, − and TiO 2 nanocomposites . Numerous studies have found that doping metal oxides with transition metals can improve the photocatalytic activity, owing to a shift in the absorption region from UV to visible light due to a change in their electronic structure .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on Synthesis, Characterization, and Photocatalytic Activity of TiO₂ and Cr-Doped TiO₂ for the Degradation of p-Chlorophenol

Hossain

Akhtar

2023

ACS Omega

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TiO2 and Cr–TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) have been synthesized by the sol–gel method using titanium isopropoxide as the precursor of Titania. The prepared samples were analyzed by employing scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared analyses. Under UV irradiation, the photocatalytic activities of TiO2 and Cr–TiO2 were observed by estimating the % degradation of p-chlorophenol (PCP) as a sample pollutant. The extent of degradation was investigated, varying the catalyst dosage, initial PCP concentration, irradiation time, and solution pH. The experimental results show that efficiency of catalysts initially increases but decreases later on, whereas the % degradation of PCP is the highest at its lowest initial concentration. For TiO2 and Cr–TiO2 NPs at their optimal catalyst dosage of 2.0 g/L, acidic pH, and with UV irradiation for 90 min, the observed % degradation of PCP is 50.23 ± 3.12 and 66.51 ± 2.14%, respectively. Thus, the prepared Cr–TiO2 NPs have enhanced the degradation efficiency of PCP with an irradiation time which is four time less than those reported earlier. From the kinetics analysis, the degradation reaction of PCP is found to follow a pseudo-first-order model and the rate constants are 0.0075 and 0.0122 min–1 for pure TiO2 and Cr–TiO2 NPs, respectively. The present study has further revealed that owing to the lower rate of electron–hole pair recombination, the photocatalytic activity of Cr–TiO2 NPs becomes higher than that of TiO2. Therefore, as viable photocatalytic agents, Cr–TiO2 NPs are suggested to be used also for efficient degradation of other organic pollutants.

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“…For example, the introduction of codopants (Mn and Co) into TiO 2 promoted the enhancement of its photocatalytic performance due to a displacement of the bandgap energy . Meanwhile, the light absorption of the Zr–Ag codoping TiO 2 catalyst has been extended into the visible light region, making it more effective in eliminating ∼93% of methylene blue for 90 min …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

C,N-Codoped TiO₂ Nanoparticles Immobilized on Floating Alginate Beads for Diazinon Removal under Solar Light Irradiation

Mohamad Idris,

Cheong,

Smith

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Nano Mater.

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Filtration is a critical step during wastewater treatment, in which the catalyst must be separated from the aqueous system for the next treatment. For effective separation of the catalyst, a proper strategy is demanded to overcome the filtration issue in the suspended catalyst system. Therefore, an innovative photocatalytic system with C,N-TiO 2 NPs immobilized on floating alginate beads was designed via the ionotropic gelation method to treat diazinon as a model pollutant under solar light irradiation. The synthesized C,N-TiO 2 NPs showed unique features including an anatase phase with a crystallite size of 11 ± 2.1 nm, active under the visible light region with a lower bandgap energy of 2.94 eV than 3.2 eV of bulk anatase TiO 2 , and has slower recombination of electron−hole pairs than the bulk anatase TiO 2 . The XPS analysis also confirmed that C and N were codoped into TiO 2 from the shift of binding energy for Ti 2p. SEM analysis provided evidence that many accumulated powders of the synthesized C,N-TiO 2 NPs were dispersed onto the alginate bead surface. The designed C,N-TiO 2 NP/alginate bead floating photocatalyst achieved the excellent removal of diazinon of 80.61% and a mineralization degree of 60.08% with the presence of dominant ROS (•O 2 − radicals) under solar light for 8 h. The degradation kinetics followed first-order kinetics, whereas the Langmuir isotherm model was fitted for the adsorption isotherm. It could be reused for five cycles with 76.84% diazinon removal, reflecting the great reusability of the floating photocatalyst during photodegradation. Thus, this work creates a novel designation of C,N-TiO 2 NP/ alginate bead floating photocatalysts that have great potential for application in photocatalytic wastewater treatment.

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TiO₂ Co-doped with Zr and Ag shows highly efficient visible light photocatalytic behavior suitable for treatment of polluted water

Abstract: The objective of this study is to analyze the effects of zirconium (Zr) and silver (Ag) doping on the photoactivity of titania (TiO2).

Cited by 28 publications

References 57 publications

Effect of Temperature Sintering on Grain Growth and Optical Properties of TiO2 Nanoparticles

Effect of Temperature Sintering on Grain Growth and Optical Properties of TiO2 Nanoparticles

Studies on Synthesis, Characterization, and Photocatalytic Activity of TiO₂ and Cr-Doped TiO₂ for the Degradation of p-Chlorophenol

C,N-Codoped TiO₂ Nanoparticles Immobilized on Floating Alginate Beads for Diazinon Removal under Solar Light Irradiation

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TiO2 Co-doped with Zr and Ag shows highly efficient visible light photocatalytic behavior suitable for treatment of polluted water

Abstract: The objective of this study is to analyze the effects of zirconium (Zr) and silver (Ag) doping on the photoactivity of titania (TiO2).

Cited by 28 publications

References 57 publications

Effect of Temperature Sintering on Grain Growth and Optical Properties of TiO2 Nanoparticles

Effect of Temperature Sintering on Grain Growth and Optical Properties of TiO2 Nanoparticles

Studies on Synthesis, Characterization, and Photocatalytic Activity of TiO2 and Cr-Doped TiO2 for the Degradation of p-Chlorophenol

C,N-Codoped TiO2 Nanoparticles Immobilized on Floating Alginate Beads for Diazinon Removal under Solar Light Irradiation

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TiO₂ Co-doped with Zr and Ag shows highly efficient visible light photocatalytic behavior suitable for treatment of polluted water

Studies on Synthesis, Characterization, and Photocatalytic Activity of TiO₂ and Cr-Doped TiO₂ for the Degradation of p-Chlorophenol

C,N-Codoped TiO₂ Nanoparticles Immobilized on Floating Alginate Beads for Diazinon Removal under Solar Light Irradiation