“…In recent years, Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) has attracted great attention due to its wide range of potential applications. TiO 2 nanostructures have particular relevance to photocatalysis, photovoltaics and photoelectrochemical cells which leads to numerous applications such as water splitting [1], self-cleaning [2,3] antibacterial, antimicrobial and degradation of antibiotics in wastewater [4][5][6], degradation of organic compounds [7][8][9], metal corrosion prevention [10] and abrasion [11], in electronics [12,13], photodynamic therapy [14], optical sensors [15], as well as in biological areas such as cancer therapeutics [16] and drug delivery [17]. All these applications are related to the unique properties of TiO 2 like high transparency in the visible, low cost, inertness, nontoxicity, and chemical and photochemical stability.…”