Tips for scanning tunneling microscopy produced by electron-beam-induced deposition

Hübner, B.; Koops, Hans W. P.; Pagnia, H.; Sotnik, N.; Urban, Jeffrey J.; Weber, M.

doi:10.1016/0304-3991(92)90476-z

Cited by 58 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…In some cases the probe tips were modified by electron beam deposition of carbon to produce a high aspect ratio, low radius of curvature spike for imaging. [26][27][28] Samples were imaged in phosphate buffer before addition of protein. Protein solutions were then introduced into the fluid cell at 37°C and allowed to adsorb for >1 h. Subsequent imaging occurred in the presence of protein solution at ambient temperature.…”

Section: Afm Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual plasma proteins detected on rough biomaterials by phase imaging AFM

Holland

Marchant

2000

J. Biomed. Mater. Res.

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In the past several years, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has provided topographic images of adsorbed plasma proteins in situ at unprecedented resolution. Imaging has been limited to adsorbed protein on relatively smooth model substrates such as mica, graphite, or self-assembled monolayers on which the small height of the protein can be observed from the background. The inherent roughness of biomaterial surfaces has prevented observation of adsorbed proteins in topographic images. We report imaging isolated fibrinogen molecules adsorbed on National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) reference materials polydimethylsiloxane and low-density polyethylene in situ using phase imaging AFM. Fibrinogen, a plasma protein important for blood coagulation and platelet aggregation, was adsorbed from dilute solution onto reference biomaterial surfaces at sub-monolayer coverage. Tapping mode AFM was used to image the samples. For polydimethylsiloxane, the lateral size of the surface features is much greater than the dimensions of proteins. This allowed adsorbed proteins to be observed in topographic images. The phase imaging signal of tapping mode AFM provides information on differences in material properties of the surface, and was used to distinguish individual protein molecules from the underlying polymer surface. On the low-density polyethylene surface, characteristic topographical features are of the same magnitude as the protein molecules, so that protein cannot be distinguished from the surface using topographic images. However, phase images were used to successfully locate and characterize the distribution of the protein. Phase imaging was not able to distinguish fibrinogen adsorbed onto expanded polytetrafluoroethylene. The utility and limitations of the phase imaging technique for characterizing protein adsorption to rough surfaces is discussed.

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Section: Afm Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual plasma proteins detected on rough biomaterials by phase imaging AFM

Holland

Marchant

2000

J. Biomed. Mater. Res.

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“…2d) [13]. EBID nanostructures have the potential to act as components in a variety of technologically important applications, some of which have already garnered broad usage, including a commercial system for repairing EUVL masks [14][15][16][17], customized tips for local probe microscopes [18,19], and the fabrication and modification of nanophotonic and nanoplasmonic devices [20][21][22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the electron-stimulated surface reactions of organometallic complexes to enable design of precursors for electron beam-induced deposition

et al. 2014

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“…2͑b͔͒. 4 As long as it is possible to focus the e-beam properly on the sample, deposition or etching can be performed. Another advantage is that the fabrication of three-dimensional ͑3D͒ structures is possible.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A critical literature review of focused electron beam induced deposition

Dorp

Hagen

2008

Journal of Applied Physics

486

577

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An extensive review is given of the results from literature on electron beam induced deposition. Electron beam induced deposition is a complex process, where many and often mutually dependent factors are involved. The process has been studied by many over many years in many different experimental setups, so it is not surprising that there is a great variety of experimental results. To come to a better understanding of the process, it is important to see to which extent the experimental results are consistent with each other and with the existing model. All results from literature were categorized by sorting the data according to the specific parameter that was varied ͑current density, acceleration voltage, scan patterns, etc.͒. Each of these parameters can have an effect on the final deposit properties, such as the physical dimensions, the composition, the morphology, or the conductivity. For each parameter-property combination, the available data are discussed and ͑as far as possible͒ interpreted. By combining models for electron scattering in a solid, two different growth regimes, and electron beam induced heating, the majority of the experimental results were explained qualitatively. This indicates that the physical processes are well understood, although quantitatively speaking the models can still be improved. The review makes clear that several major issues remain. One issue encountered when interpreting results from literature is the lack of data. Often, important parameters ͑such as the local precursor pressure͒ are not reported, which can complicate interpretation of the results. Another issue is the fact that the cross section for electron induced dissociation is unknown. In a number of cases, a correlation between the vertical growth rate and the secondary electron yield was found, which suggests that the secondary electrons dominate the dissociation rather than the primary electrons. Conclusive evidence for this hypothesis has not been found. Finally, there is a limited understanding of the mechanism of electron induced precursor dissociation. In many cases, the deposit composition is not directly dependent on the stoichiometric composition of the precursor and the electron induced decomposition paths can be very different from those expected from calculations or thermal decomposition. The dissociation mechanism is one of the key factors determining the purity of the deposits and a better understanding of this process will help develop electron beam induced deposition into a viable nanofabrication technique.

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Tips for scanning tunneling microscopy produced by electron-beam-induced deposition

Cited by 58 publications

References 3 publications

Individual plasma proteins detected on rough biomaterials by phase imaging AFM

Individual plasma proteins detected on rough biomaterials by phase imaging AFM

Understanding the electron-stimulated surface reactions of organometallic complexes to enable design of precursors for electron beam-induced deposition

A critical literature review of focused electron beam induced deposition

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