Tissue Engineering Applied to Skeletal Muscle: Strategies and Perspectives

Abstract

Muscle tissue is formed by elongated and contractile cells with specific morphofunctional characteristics. Thus, it is divided into three basic types: smooth muscle tissue, cardiac striated muscle tissue and skeletal striated muscle tissue. The striated skeletal muscle tissue presents high plasticity, regeneration and growth capacity due to the presence of satellite cells, quiescent myoblasts that are activated in case of injury to the tissue and originate new muscle fibers when they differentiate. In more severe deficiencies or injuries there is a loss of their regenerative capacity, thus compromising the body’s functionality at different levels. Tissue engineering studies the development of biomaterials capable of stimulating the recovery of cellular activity in injured body tissues, as well as the activity of cells with muscle differentiation potential in injury repair. However, the need for three-dimensional re-assembly in a complex organization makes it difficult to mimic this tissue and fully regenerate it for the sake of precise and effective movements. Thus, this article aims to provide a narrative review of tissue engineering strategies applied to the regeneration of skeletal muscle, in a critical evaluation of research, whether aimed at injury or atrophies such as spinal muscular atrophy.

Generation of Mature <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> Bradyzoites in Human Immortalized Myogenic KD3 Cells

“…Infected and detached myotubes might be rinsed off with media change. This problem may be addressed by improving host cell attachment to the culture vessel using various methods ( Madden et al, 2015 ; Bettadapur et al, 2016 ; Denes et al, 2019 ; Martins et al, 2022 ). Finally, cellular senescence may also pose a limit on the maximal passages of KD3 cells and may be ameliorated by reversine treatment ( Rajabian et al, 2023 ).…”

Fostering tissue engineering and regenerative medicine to treat musculoskeletal disorders in bone and muscle

“…Muscle tissue engineering requires the differentiation of skeletal muscle myoblasts or muscle precursors into multinucleated myotubes [ 130 ]. For muscle injury, tissue engineering is used primarily to repair the damage by mimicking the microenvironmental cues of existing muscle tissue [ 131 ]. Sicari et al demonstrated that acellular biologic scaffolds composed of ECM can significantly promote muscle regeneration in preclinical rodent models and human patients with volumetric muscle loss [ 132 ].…”

A Double Cross-Linked Injectable Hydrogel Derived from Muscular Decellularized Matrix Promotes Myoblast Proliferation and Myogenic Differentiation

“…Therefore, novel therapeutic strategies for the efficient treatment of muscle loss are urgently needed. The emerging technology of muscular tissue engineering using well-designed biomaterials holds promise in rehabilitating defective muscle [3].…”