Tissue-specific induction of oxidative stress in goldfish by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid: Mild in brain and moderate in liver and kidney

Pesticide toxicity: a mechanistic approach

“…Animal treatment with pesticides is often accompanied by the development of oxidative stress (Atamaniuk et al, 2013[ 3 ]; Kubrak et al, 2013[ 94 ]; Lushchak, 2011[ 107 ][ 109 ]; Matviishyn et al, 2014[ 118 ]). Antioxidant enzymes play key roles in ROS detoxification.…”

“…Inhibition of AChE results in a buildup of acetylcholine levels, causing a continuous and excessive stimulation of the nerves and muscle fibers, which leads to tetany, paralysis, and eventual death (Liu et al, 2007[ 104 ]). Measurement of AChE inhibition is one of the most widely used biomarkers of environmental pollution with pesticides (Atamaniuk et al, 2013[ 3 ]; Edwards et al, 1991[ 47 ]; Matviishyn et al, 2014[ 118 ]; Vani et al, 2011[ 181 ]).…”

“…Pesticides can cause adverse effects by interfering with the body's hormones or messengers (Khan and Law, 2005[ 91 ]), affecting the nervous system (e.g. organochlorine pesticides) (Bolognesi and Merlo, 2011[ 15 ]), or directly or indirectly inducing changes in the activities of certain enzymes (Atamaniuk et al, 2013[ 3 ]; Kubrak et al, 2012[ 93 ], 2013[ 94 ]; Matviishyn et al, 2014[ 118 ]). A large group of pesticides may directly enhance ROS levels in the living organisms due to their autoxidation by molecular oxygen (Bolognesi and Merlo, 2011[ 15 ]; Lushchak, 2011[ 109 ]).…”

Time-course and intensity-based classifications of oxidative stresses and their potential application in biomedical, comparative and environmental research

“…37,48 This technique is frequently used in the version proposed by Levine and colleagues 49 and our long-term experience with it has revealed its reliability and good reproducibility with different models and from experiment to experiment. [50][51][52][53] A variation of this technique includes immunostaining of DNP-protein adducts with specific antibodies. 49…”

“…So, we cannot here address interested readers to published work in which all four zones could be definitely described. Considering intensity-based classifications in the literature it is possible to find references to 'mild', 53,[87][88][89] 'high', 90 'strong' 91 and some other kinds of oxidative stress. It has to be emphasized that in the literature we were not able to find clear rationales or explanations as to why the stress was so named.…”