Titanium Alloys

Abstract

Although originally discovered in the 18th century [1], the titanium industry did not experience any significant advancement until the middle of the 20th century through the development of the gas turbine engine [2]. Since then, the aerospace sector has dominated worldwide titanium use with applications in both engines and airframe structures [3]. The highly desirable combination of properties, which include excellent corrosion resistance, favourable strength to weight ratios, and an impressive resistance to fatigue, has led to an extensive range of applications [4], with only high extraction and processing costs still restricting further implementation.Whilst the aerospace industry faces challenges related to increasing operating temperatures and to fully utilise polymer-based composites in future designs [5], innovative solutions, including metal matrix composites and titanium aluminides, provide pathways for future development. Furthermore, improvements in extractive metallurgy and processing methods have made titanium-based alloys more accessible to alternative industrial sectors. Industries currently utilising these materials include sports, biomedical, and marine sectors [6].As more traditional applications are supplemented by exciting new opportunities, it is clear that extensive research opportunities are likely to exist in the titanium industry for the foreseeable future.

Exploring the Influence of the Microstructure on the Passive Layer Chemistry and Breakdown for Some Titanium-Based Alloys in Normal Saline Solution

“…About 50% of titanium used in the aerospace industry is the (α+β) alloy Ti-6Al-4V. This alloy possesses a perfect combination of operational and technological properties [10,11]. Titanium alloys have also found widespread applications in a variety of fields such as in chemical and petrochemical sectors due to their excellent corrosion resistance [12].…”

Comparison of Titanium Metal Matrix Composite Surface Layers Produced During Laser Gas Nitriding of Ti6Al4V Alloy by Different Types of Lasers

“…However, commonly reported problems refer to cracking of hard nitrided surface layers, and also to excessive roughness of such layers. Despite many years of research, the problem is still present, as evidenced by the number of publications that still appear in the world literature [1][2][3][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55].…”

“…Then the high potential of this method to modify the surface properties of titanium and titanium alloys was recognized [3,[39][40][41][42]. The first trials of laser gas nitriding (LGN) of pure titanium were carried out by the available at that time gas CO 2 laser, which provided a high enough level of output laser power.…”

“…However, in the case of moving parts which are subjected to surface wear, the service life is not satisfactory because of medium tribological properties and relatively high friction coefficient [1,[26][27][28][29][30][31]. Therefore different methods of surface modification are widely applied in a case of titanium alloys [1,3,[32][33][34][35][36][37].…”

“…Titanium and its alloys in particular are attractive structural materials in comparison to many other non-ferrous metals, alloys, and also modern advanced high strength steels (AHSS) [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Thanks to excellent corrosion resistance, high resistance to thermal and mechanical fatigue caused by vibrations titanium alloys are used for manufacturing components and parts of advanced machinery and equipment [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20].…”