Titanium anodization in deep eutectic solvents: The effect of anodizing time on the morphology and structure of anodic layers

Effect of Bath Composition on Titanium Anodization Using the Constant-Current Approach: A Crystallographic and Morphological Study

“…This latter phenomenon occurs with the onset of a small and well-distributed discharge on the anode's surface, leading to a rapid formation of titanium oxide and accounting for the growth of high porous and, generally, crystalline oxide layer [14]. It has been proven that the experimental condition of anodization may affect crystallinity, composition, and morphology [12][13][14][15][16][17][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] with a putative large tunability. Anodizing is usually performed in acidic environments [12,16,18,21], but several other solution compositions such as ionic liquids [29], nitrate ions with alcohols [30], phosphates [16,27,28,31], and bicarbonates [32] have been proposed and tested.…”

“…It has been proven that the experimental condition of anodization may affect crystallinity, composition, and morphology [12][13][14][15][16][17][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] with a putative large tunability. Anodizing is usually performed in acidic environments [12,16,18,21], but several other solution compositions such as ionic liquids [29], nitrate ions with alcohols [30], phosphates [16,27,28,31], and bicarbonates [32] have been proposed and tested. Since ethylene glycol, in combination with fluoride [33], is widely employed for the fabrication of TiO 2 nanopores and nanotubes, we chose to study the effect of its addition on well-characterized anodizing solutions [14].…”

Simple Portable Voltammetric Sensor Using Anodized Screen-Printed Graphene Electrode for the Quantitative Analysis of p-Hydroxybenzoic Acid in Cosmetics

“…During the anodic pretreatment, the surface of SPGE was oxidized to be an oxidized film, which improved the durability and corrosion resistance of surfaces. , Typical oxidizing procedures are operated in aggressive organic or inorganic solutions such as sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide. Many researchers have conducted experiments by replacing the use of aggressive and toxic solutions with a less harmful chemical in electrolytic oxidation to achieve “green chemistry.” Moreover, applying anodization with SPGEs can remove any waste substances hindering the electrochemical kinetics of the electrode surface and redox species, which can improve the electrochemical performance . Therefore, this work has applied anodic pretreatment as the modification method of SPGE to enhance the sensitivity of PHBA detection.…”