Titration of antiserum to South American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus terrificus) venom by inhibition of phospholipase A2 activity

Silva, Maria Helena da; Bier, Otto G.

doi:10.1016/0041-0101(82)90050-2

Cited by 20 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…But neutralization of lethality does not necessarily correlate with neutralization of specific venom actions [40] and death can occur due to these actions beyond the time frame taken for lethality studies. For this reason in vitro neutralization of the PLA 2 activity; [41], [42], passive agglutination [43], hemolytic activity [44], hemorrhagic activity and ELISA [28], [45] have been substituting the in vivo method.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viper and Cobra Venom Neutralization by Alginate Coated Multicomponent Polyvalent Antivenom Administered by the Oral Route

et al. 2014

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BackgroundSnake bite causes greater mortality than most of the other neglected tropical diseases. Snake antivenom, although effective in minimizing mortality in developed countries, is not equally so in developing countries due to its poor availability in remote snake infested areas as, and when, required. An alternative approach in this direction could be taken by making orally deliverable polyvalent antivenom formulation, preferably under a globally integrated strategy, for using it as a first aid during transit time from remote trauma sites to hospitals.Methodology/Principal FindingsTo address this problem, multiple components of polyvalent antivenom were entrapped in alginate. Structural analysis, scanning electron microscopy, entrapment efficiency, loading capacity, swelling study, in vitro pH sensitive release, acid digestion, mucoadhesive property and venom neutralization were studied in in vitro and in vivo models. Results showed that alginate retained its mucoadhesive, acid protective and pH sensitive swelling property after entrapping antivenom. After pH dependent release from alginate beads, antivenom (ASVS) significantly neutralized phospholipaseA2 activity, hemolysis, lactate dehydrogenase activity and lethality of venom. In ex vivo mice intestinal preparation, ASVS was absorbed significantly through the intestine and it inhibited venom lethality which indicated that all the components of antivenom required for neutralization of venom lethality were retained despite absorption across the intestinal layer. Results from in vivo studies indicated that orally delivered ASVS can significantly neutralize venom effects, depicted by protection against lethality, decreased hemotoxicity and renal toxicity caused by russell viper venom.Conclusions/SignificanceAlginate was effective in entrapping all the structural components of ASVS, which on release and intestinal absorption effectively reconstituted the function of antivenom in neutralizing viper and cobra venom. Further research in this direction can strategize to counter such dilemma in snake bite management by promoting control release and oral antivenom rendered as a first aid.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viper and Cobra Venom Neutralization by Alginate Coated Multicomponent Polyvalent Antivenom Administered by the Oral Route

et al. 2014

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“…Other studies have shown correlation between neutralization by antivenoms of PLA 2 activity in vitro and neutralization of lethality in mice in the cases of venoms of Bothrops asper ( 41 ), Crotalus durissus terrificus ( 42 ), and Micrurus nigrocinctus ( 22 ), using simple indirect hemolytic assays for the determination of PLA 2 activity. Further studies are necessary to assess whether these in vitro enzymatic assays correlate with lethality in a larger number of venoms and antivenoms.…”

Section: Neutralization Of In Vitro Enzymatic Actimentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro Tests for Assessing the Neutralizing Ability of Snake Antivenoms: Toward the 3Rs Principles

et al. 2021

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There is an urgent need to strengthen the implementation of the 3Rs principle (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement) in the use of experimental animals in toxinological research and in the assessment of the neutralizing efficacy of snake antivenoms. This is a challenging task owing to the inherent complexity of snake venoms. The state of the art on this topic is hereby reviewed, with emphasis on the studies in which a correlation has been observed between in vivo toxicity tests and in vitro surrogate assays, particularly in the study of lethal activity of venoms and its neutralization. Correlations have been described with some venoms-antivenoms when using: (a) enzyme immunoassays, (b) hemagglutination, (c) enzyme assays (proteinase, phospholipase A2), (d) in vitro coagulant effect on plasma, (e) cell culture assays for cytotoxicity, (f) functional assays for assessing neurotoxicity in vitro, (g) use of hens’ eggs, and (h) antivenomics. Additionally, the routine introduction of analgesia in these assays and the design of more ‘humane’ protocols for the lethality test are being pursued. It is expected that the next years will witness a growing awareness of the relevance of the 3Rs principles in antivenom testing, and that new in vitro alternatives and more ‘humane’ experimental designs will emerge in this field.

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“…Journal Pre-proof crotoxin, an enzyme complex constituting 65-68% of the crotalid venom [61]. In the two additional separation steps (anion exchange followed by cation exchange chromatography), the proteins were purified according to their charge.…”

Section: J O U R N a L P R E -P R O O Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unraveling the structure and function of CdcPDE: A novel phosphodiesterase from Crotalus durissus collilineatus snake venom

Oliveira

Pucca

Wiezel

et al. 2021

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules

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Titration of antiserum to South American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus terrificus) venom by inhibition of phospholipase A2 activity

Cited by 20 publications

References 8 publications

Viper and Cobra Venom Neutralization by Alginate Coated Multicomponent Polyvalent Antivenom Administered by the Oral Route

Viper and Cobra Venom Neutralization by Alginate Coated Multicomponent Polyvalent Antivenom Administered by the Oral Route

In Vitro Tests for Assessing the Neutralizing Ability of Snake Antivenoms: Toward the 3Rs Principles

Unraveling the structure and function of CdcPDE: A novel phosphodiesterase from Crotalus durissus collilineatus snake venom

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