Titrimetric, spectrophotometric and kinetic methods for the assay of atenolol using bromate-bromide and methyl orange

Abstract

Three new methods have been developed for the determination of atenolol in bulk drug and in tablet formulation. The methods are based on the oxidation-bromination reaction of the drug by bromine, generated in situ by the action of acid on a bromate-bromide mixture. In the titrimetric method, the drug is treated with a known excess of bromate-bromide mixture in hydrochloric acid medium, followed by the determination of the unreacted bromine iodometrically. The spectrophotometric method involves the addition of a measured excess of bromate-bromide reagent in hydrochloric acid medium to atenolol, and after ensuring the reaction had gone to completion, the unreacted bromine is treated with a fixed amount of methyl orange, and absorbance measured at 520 nm. The absorbance was found to increase linearly with increasing concentration of atenolol. The kinetic method depends on the existence of a linear relationship between the concentration of the drug and the time of the oxidation-bromination reaction, as indicated by the bleaching of methyl orange acid colour. The working conditions were optimized. The titrimetric method is based on a 1:1 reaction stoichiometry (atenolol:bromate) and is applicable over the 3-20 mg range. The spectrophotometric method permits micro determination of the drug (0.5-4.0 mg ml -1 ) with an apparent molar absorptivity of 4.13´10 4 l mol -1 cm -1 and detection limit of 0.07 mg ml -1 . The kinetic method is applicable in the concentration range 5-25 mg ml -1 with a detection limit of 3.72 mg ml -1 . The proposed methods were successfully applied to the determination of atenolol in tablet preparations with mean recoveries of 97.63 to 101.78 %. The reliability of the assay was established by parallel determination by the reference method and by recovery studies using the standard addition technique.

Direct Spectrophotometric Determination of Atenolol and Timolol Anti-Hypertensive Drugs

“…Several analytical methods have been reported for the determination of atenolol in human plasma, urine, or pharmaceutical preparations, such as high-performance liquid chromatography [5][6][7][8][9], gas chromatography [10], liquid chromatography [11,12]. Other techniques include voltammetric [13][14][15], electrophoresis [16,17], chemiluminescence [18][19][20], spectrofluorimetric [21], ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry [22][23][24][25][26][27].…”

Application of silver nanoparticles for the spectrophotometric determination of three benzimidazole anthelmintic drugs in their pharmaceutical preparations

“…The techniques have included titrimetry (Mohammed et al, 1986;Basavaiah and Prameela 2003;Basavaiah and Prameela 2003;Basavaiah and Nagegowda 2004;Basavaiah et al, 2004;Basavaiah and Prameela 2004;Basavaiah et al, 2006;Basavaiah et al, 2006), spectrophotometry (Kar 1985;Sastry et al, 1997;Basavaiah and Prameela 2003;Basavaiah and Prameela 2003;Basavaiah and Nagegowda 2004;Basavaiah et al 2004;Basavaiah and Prameela 2004;Basavaiah et al 2006;Basavaiah et al 2006;Kamel et al, 2008;Basavaiah et al, 2009;Tella et al, 2010;Refat et al, 2011;Swamy and Basavaiah 2014), spectrofluorimetry (Baeyens et al, 1985;Küçükkolbaşı et al, 2008;Zhao et al, 2008;Attia et al, 2016), liquid chromatography (Nakos et al, 1994;Fletouris et al, 1997;Balizs 1999;Garcia et al, 1999;Gomes and Nagaraju 2001;Kitzman et al, 2002;Danaher et al, 2007;Varghese et al, 2011) andvoltammetry (de Oliveira andStradiotto 2001).…”

“…Most of the reported spectrophotometric method (Basavaiah and Prameela, 2003;Basavaiah and Prameela, 2003;Basavaiah and Nagegowda, 2004;Basavaiah et al 2004;Basavaiah and Prameela, 2004;Basavaiah et al 2006;Basavaiah et al 2006;Basavaiah et al 2009) were based on indirect determinations of the cited drugs through their oxidation and subsequent determination of the residual oxidant spectrophotometrically by reaction with another chromogenic reagent. Consequently these methods were time consuming, tedious and involved multi reagents and multi steps reactions.…”

Simple and rapid spectrophotometric assay of albendazole in pharmaceuticals using iodine and picric acid as CT complexing agents

“…The development of simple, reliable and affordable procedures for assay of drug substances remains a major research area in today's pharmaceutical care and practice (Esimone et al, 2008). Due to its therapeutic importance several techniques have been reported for the determination of ALB in pharmaceuticals, and include non-aqueous titrimetry (Basavaiah, Nagegowda, Ramakrishna, 2004;Laurentis, Milillo, Bruno, 1997), redox titrimetry (Basavaiah, Prameela, 2003a;Basavaiah, Prameela, 2003b;Basavaiah, Prameela, 2004;Basavaiah, Prameela, 2005;Basavaiah, Ramakrishna, Somashekar, 2006;Basavaiah et al, 2006), UV-spectrophotometry (Mandal et al, 1992;Fregonezi-Nery et al, 2001;Oswal et al, 2010;Soto et al, 2010;Tella et al, 2010), high performance liquid chromatography (Sane et al, 1989a;Liawruangrath, Liawruangrath, 1998;Krishnaiah et al, 2001;Atkosar, Altiokka, Goeksel, 2006;Anil et al, 2008), high performance thin layer chromatography (Abd El-Sattar et al, 2005;Varghese, Vasanthi, Ravi, 2011), spectrofluorimetry (Semahat, Beniz, Esma, 2008;Zhao et al, 2008) and voltammetry (Zuhri et al, 1992;De Oliveira, Stradiotto, 2001;Santos et al, 2005).…”